Liu Xie (about 465-532) was born in Ju, Dongguan (now Juxian County, Shandong Province) and lived in Jingkou. a little while
My family is poor. I have been with monk Shaman for more than ten years, and I am proficient in Buddhist scriptures. Liang Chu was an official, worked as the archives of Nankang Wang Xiaoji, and worked as a.
Xiao Tong, the prince's steward, was loved by Xiao Tong. After becoming a monk, he became famous and wise. Liu Xie was influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
It's all deep. In the article "Wen Xin Diao Xu Longzhi", he said that when he was in his thirties, "I dreamed of holding a lacquer ritual vessel and following Zhong Ni.
However, going south is pleasant and happy. "Once I dreamed of Confucius, I was so excited that I didn't know what to do. Write Wen Xin Diao Long,
It is also related to his admiration for Confucius, and he has the consciousness of clarifying that the source of the article lies in the classics.
As for Buddhism, he lived with monks since childhood, and finally decided to become a monk, deeply influenced by it. But in Wen Xin Diao Long,
The Dragon is dominated by Confucianism, with occasional Buddhist sayings.
Wen Xin Diao Long was written in Qi. In its original sense, this is a writing guide, not an introduction to literature.
The meaning of the title of the book, Wenxin means "writing", and Diaolong is called after the Warring States period, which was longer than oral argument.
The allusion of "carving dragons" refers to a detailed discussion like carving dragon patterns. Taken together, Wen Xin Diao Long is tantamount to an article.
The essence of writing. "The object of discussion is a broad article, but it focuses on literature. Although the original intention of this book is writing guidance, but
This argument is based on a series of basic principles of article writing, involving a wide range, rigorous structure, thorough discussion and strong practicality.
This is theoretical. Its systematicness and completeness are unprecedented.
There are fifty articles in the book, which are divided into several parts. Keywords primitive way, sanctification, Jing Zong, Kevin·Z,
The first of the five articles in Bian Sao is about "the hub of literature", which is the general outline of the book. From Ming Poetry to Secretary II
Ten articles, the second part, discuss the origin, characteristics and basic principles of writing of various styles. Including
The difference between "writing" and "writing" Ten poems from Ming poetry to harmony and seclusion are all rhyming (two essays are harmonious and secluded)
Mixed style), from Historical Records to Minister are blank pens. From Shaanxi to palm trees is the third part.
Discuss various problems in article writing in different categories. The second part is based on style, and the third part breaks the distinction of style.
Discuss something of the same sex, warp and weft interwoven. Time series, search, story, companion, process
The fifth chapter is the fourth part. These five articles are not closely related, but they are all divorced from specific writing.
Explore some major issues related to literature. Finally, the preface is the general preface of this book, explaining the origin and purpose of writing.
The literary thought of Wen Xin Diao Long is a collection of traditional ideas and the trend of the times. The author adopts the method of compromise traction,
Build a complete theoretical system, but there are still inevitable contradictions. This close-up is about "the fulcrum of literature"
In the first five articles of Chinese New Year, it is particularly obvious. The original way first said:
Wen De is also great, so what about people who live with heaven and earth? Husband mysterious yellow, Fiona Fang points; The sun and the moon overlap each other, making it beautiful.
The image of heaven; Beautiful mountains and rivers, paving the floor. This article also covers Tao. Look up and spit out, look down at the chapter, locate the height,
Thus, two musical instruments were born. Only ginseng, the spirit of Zhong Zhi, is called three talents, which is the show of five elements and the heart of heaven and earth. Mentally speaking,
Stand up, stand up. Civilization is the way of nature. Next to all kinds of products, animals and plants are written.
..... My husband is ignorant, colorful and delicate, but he has nothing to say?
"Wen" has multiple meanings in Chinese. Its original meaning is texture, extended to beautiful decoration, gorgeous material selection, extended to words.
Chapter. Here, figures and meanings mainly show that the article was born in Tao, and Tao is the source of all things, so the article is lofty.
The value of; The mountains and rivers, the feathers of animals and the leaves of plants are all beautiful, which proves that Tao has a beautiful image.
It is also a manifestation of Tao, so the beauty of the article is a natural phenomenon. This is obviously a reflection of the literary atmosphere of the Six Dynasties. It needs to be said here.
Ming: The "nature" mentioned by the literati in the Six Dynasties is different from the "simplicity" usually mentioned. They think gorgeous also comes from
Of course. "Wen Xin Diao Long Li Ci" even says that antithetical sentences are like one-way phrases in which brothers and sisters naturally pair up.
It's unnatural
It should be noted that the "Tao" mentioned by Liu Xie here is not the same as the "Tao" mentioned by ancient writers in Tang and Song Dynasties. he is
It refers to the natural "heaven", not the Confucian ethics. Heaven is natural, which is a proposition in metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
From here, we can deduce the idea of following the nature of all things and opposing human constraints, but Liu Xie put the way of nature and
Confucianism and Taoism rub each other and think that Confucian sage classics can best "fill the chapter with the heart of the original Tao", "Tao follows the sage, and the sage
Because the text is prototype, ordinary people can't deeply understand the divinity of Tao, so they should "accept saints"-learn from them.
"Jing Zong"-an example of imitating Confucian classics. This is actually the application of the theory of harmony between man and nature in metaphysics in literature.
Thus, the literary requirement of taking elegance and integrity as the highest standard was established. The so-called:
Literati can pass on classics, which has six meanings: first, it is deep but not complicated; second, it is clear but not complicated; third, it is faithful but not born; and fourth, it is true.
Righteousness is straight but not back, five bodies are not vulgar, and six bodies are not lewd.
At this point, in the name of "Tao", Liu Xie endowed the Six Dynasties with lofty status. In the same name, he wanted to
Seek all kinds of articles to meet elegant standards. He added: "Chu Yan is extravagant, and evil is not returned." Since Chu Ci and Han Fu,
Many literary works are not elegant enough, so we should return to the classic norms. The original way,
The close combination of sanctification and Jing Zong constitutes the center of Liu Xie's literary thought. But literally,
To put it mildly, there are still many contradictions. Confucian classics, originally plain words, he insisted that they were beautiful; Six Dynasties
American prose is most closely related to Chu Ci and Han Fu. How can we return to the original without losing its beauty?
Zheng Wei and Bian Sao are also regarded as "hubs of literature", but they have different emphases. The former said the strange imagination of Weft Book.
Rich and colorful rhetoric is conducive to article writing, and the latter is more important. Although there are similarities with Jing Zong, first,
Firstly, it is a pedantic theory to distinguish Lisao, the representative work of Chu Ci, from the classics in four points, and to combine them with the classics in four points.
But he deviated from himself and highly praised the literary significance of Chu Ci:
Look at the tree of its bones, with its skin attached. Although it means to melt the classics, it also casts its big words. Therefore, "SAO Jing Jiu Zhang Lang"
Li is in mourning; "Nine Songs" and "Nine Arguments" are too embarrassing to hurt; Journey and Tian Wen are magnificent and cleverly conceived;
"Evocation" and "enlightenment" are brilliant and profound; "Not living" is the slogan, and "fisherman" is a maverick. Therefore, energy
It used to be difficult to get along with, but it was difficult to get along with.
This is inconsistent with the "beauty", "injury", "beauty", "cleverness" and "glamour" in Chu Ci works.
Appreciate its harmonious, elegant and standardized characteristics, and then express the far-reaching influence of Chu Ci in the history of literature and its influence on today's creation
The value has also been fully affirmed. This shows that although Liu Xie takes religious classics as the major premise, he is still very interested in literary and artistic creation.
Value. However, Liu Xie's affirmation of Chu Ci mainly focuses on the artistic side, the ideal state he envisioned,
Give priority to both classical elegance and beauty of Sao style;
If you can rely on poetry to praise elegance, control Chu articles, be curious without losing your virginity, and play with China without falling into reality; Look forward to it.
In order to drive away words, coughing and spitting can lead to poverty.
This idea seems good, but in fact there are insurmountable contradictions. Because the beauty of Sao style is to a great extent,
It is not only the beauty of rhetoric, but also the result of breaking through elegance and integrity. The so-called "using righteousness to control strangeness", even if it can absorb Sao style,
Some advantages, but also difficult to carry forward its original vitality.
Through the above analysis, we can roughly understand the core idea of Wen Xin Diao Long. To sum up, there are the following points:
First, emphasize the beauty of literature, which is consistent with the contemporary literary atmosphere. Defects, like contemporary literati, are simply
Take gorgeous as beauty. Second, advocating religious classics, advocating elegance and integrity, and rejecting all deviant literature in principle. This is a kind of
Conservative literary ideas. But when dealing with specific works, the attitude is not so narrow. Especially in the following article,
Do not arbitrarily deny accomplished writers and works based on elegance or not. Third, we should pay attention to what Liu Xie said.
"Jing Zong" refers to taking Confucian classics as a model, rather than requiring literature as a tool to explain Confucianism. He also
It is to admit that literature has the function of expressing personal feelings. This is still very different from the extreme literary view of Tao-carrying in later generations. Fourth,
Liu Xie's criticism of the literature of the Six Dynasties is mainly manifested in two aspects. First, he divorced from Confucianism and Taoism, including insufficient thoughts and feelings.
Purity, artistic style, strangeness, lightness, etc. Second, there is a phenomenon of pure pursuit of rhetoric and lack of full emotion. These batches
Some comments are correct (for example, for the latter), while others are conservative (for the former). But anyway, for the sake of
Returning to classics, as a way out for the development of literature, always does more harm than good.
As the "hub of literature", the five articles aim to give literature a philosophical explanation in essence, and at the same time give literature a
It should be said that it is very important to endow literature with lofty significance. The first is to establish norms.
Here, the author adopts a compromise attitude, which also reflects the aesthetic standards.
An ambivalent state of mind.
The following 20 poems of Ming Dynasty are the continuation of other critical works such as Dian Lun Wen Fu.
However, it is much more detailed and in-depth, and almost every article is a brief history of style. Although it is not necessarily correct, it is more exciting. such as
Ming Poetry describes the characteristics of Jian 'an poetry, calling it "generosity and openness; Creating mind refers to things, not seeking subtle and ingenious thinking,
Judging by appearances, we can only take Ming Che's ability, "the poem begins," Only silence stops Jun Qing, and Ruan Zhi is deep, so it can be marked ",feeling.
Grasping and summarizing the essence keenly is of great guiding significance to the study of literary history. On the style characteristics of various articles, it is also
Can increase its importance.
The first few articles in the third part, around the specific article writing (mainly for the creation of literary works), put forward Xu
What a valuable opinion. The article "Shensi" mainly talks about the idea of creation, which is inherited from "Wen Fu", but there are also wonderful new explanations.
For example, the article describes in detail the phenomenon of "meaning is empty and strange, but words are difficult to be skillful" in creative activities, thus discussing the phenomenon of "obedience"
The distance between thinking in images and language expression is an important issue. The article "Body Nature" points out that only the author can learn to learn.
Different self-cultivation has formed eight main different styles, such as elegance and elegance, which further developed the views of Cao Pi and Lu Ji. writing
Taking the previous generation of famous artists as an example, the relationship between their temperament and style of writing is well summarized. "Style characteristics"
Literary works are required to be full of vitality (meaning appeal, not ideological content) and concise and powerful language expression.
So as to achieve a profound and clear aesthetic effect. Later, "personality style" became one of the most commonly used concepts in literary criticism. get through
Changing "New Changes in Articles", Lu Wen and Zhou Yun, a new industry. The longer the change, the more general rules. When the time comes, it will be fruitful, and it will not be afraid of taking the opportunity to take the lead. "
This praise shows the author's healthy attitude towards literature, but unfortunately he also said "returning to the classics" and "referring to the ancient law".
After all, it still looks stiff. On the relationship between emotion and literary talent, Cai Qing advocated literary talent, but demanded "writing for emotion".
It is very important to oppose "feeling for the sake of literature" and criticize the phenomenon of "complexity and indifference" in the literature of the Six Dynasties.
Important points. After that, ten articles, such as Melting Casting and Melody, focused on rhetoric, melody, parallel couples and allusions.
Fully affirmed the rhetorical devices commonly used in contemporary literature. Before that, there were no articles devoted to rhetoric.
I did. Therefore, Wen Xin Diao Long also plays an important role in rhetoric.
The fourth part is divorced from the specific writing (only "seeking" and writing), and discusses the following from a wider scope.
The problem of literature. Time series discusses the general trend of literature development in past dynasties, deduces the reasons of literature evolution, and puts forward "cultural change"
Depending on the world, the ups and downs are related to the time sequence. "The author mainly discusses the political situation, social atmosphere, likes and dislikes of rulers, etc.
Discuss the rise and fall of literature and pay attention to the relationship between literature and complex social environment. This is the first article with a history of literature in history.
An important paper on nature. On the writers of Cailu in the past dynasties who supplemented the time series. Looking for literature
The relationship with natural scenery is the reflection of contemporary literary atmosphere. "Writing the appearance of the gas map, both things turn;
It is attached to the sound and lingering with the heart. "
The first two sentences are about the feelings and descriptions of foreign objects, and the last two sentences are about how to recreate the scenery inside and how to write the scenery in literary works.
This is a wonderful summary. A bosom friend is committed to the standards of literary appreciation and criticism. Judging from the development of literary criticism theory
It is also an important article. The author accuses the mistakes of attaching importance to the past and neglecting the present, worshiping oneself and restraining others, believing the false and confusing the true, and knowing more and favoring more.
Attitude, require critics to improve their self-cultivation, understand the author, knowledgeable, fair criticism, and put forward
Some objective criticism principles are introduced. Although the key standards are complex and changeable, it is difficult to standardize them simply.
Fan, but this effort shows that Liu Xie's requirements for objectivity and scientificity of criticism are there in the way of thinking.
Very meaningful.
In a word, Wen Xin Diao Long shows a conservative consciousness in adhering to the principle of Confucian classics, but it is still very important in literary creation and literature.
On many issues of history and literary criticism, on the basis of summing up the experience of predecessors, it has made remarkable progress and put forward a considerable system.
These unified and innovative viewpoints have become an unprecedented summary of China's ancient literary theory, and their achievements are remarkable.