According to the Constitution of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union is a federal country, consisting of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (participating Republics) with equal rights in accordance with the principle of voluntary union. The capital is Moscow. The head of state is the chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and the president of the Soviet Union. The head of government is the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister. The name of the armed forces is the Red Army.
history
During World War I, the February Revolution broke out in the Russian Empire, which led to the fall of the Tsar and the disintegration of the Russian Empire. There has been a situation in which the bourgeois provisional government and the Soviet Union (Russian means "Congress") represented by engineers coexist. Finally, left-wing political parties such as Russian Social Democratic Labor Party headed by Lenin (Bolshevik) launched an uprising in St. Petersburg and seized power from the bourgeois provisional government, which is known as the October Revolution in history. After the revolution, it was renamed Soviet Socialist Russia, or Soviet Russia for short, and then signed a peace treaty with Germany and its allies to withdraw from the First World War.
After World War I, Britain, France, Japan, Poland and other countries were dissatisfied with the Soviet Union's unilateral withdrawal from the war against Germany and the debts of tsarist Russia, and they intervened in the Russian revolution one after another. Domestic forces loyal to the tsar, rich peasants, landlords and bourgeois forces did not dare to fail, and organized the White Army to launch a rebellion against the Soviet regime. After the end of the civil war, the Soviet Red Army defeated the white army and the joint armed intervention of many countries and consolidated the political power.
1922 On February 30th, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR for short) was formally established.
1924, Lenin died and Stalin gained the highest power. The Soviet Union entered the Stalin period.
Many people think that in order to consolidate his personal position, Stalin attacked his political enemies by cruel means and launched a big purge in the form of eliminating counter-revolutionaries. It is said that millions of people were sent to labor camps and even slaughtered. Although Stalin was regarded by most people in western countries and some Soviets as a cruel dictator who committed serious crimes, it is undeniable that under the leadership of Stalin, the Soviet Union * * * made great changes to the Soviet economic production mode and successfully transformed the Soviet Union into a heavy industry and a military power.
Since 1930s, the West adopted appeasement policy to appease Hitler, repeatedly allowed or even assisted Nazi Germany to annex small countries between the Soviet Union and Germany, and even allowed Nazi Germany to move freely in eastern Europe and central and southern Europe, making the Soviet Union feel that western countries were trying to "bring disaster to the East".
The Soviet Union repeatedly proposed an alliance with Britain and France, but all failed. Britain and France have successively published the Declaration of Britain and Germany and the Declaration of France and Germany, which are mutually non-aggression. On the contrary, German Foreign Minister ribbentrop repeatedly expressed the hope to improve relations with the Soviet Union. After 1939, the Soviet Union turned to form an alliance with Germany and secretly signed the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Treaty.
After the outbreak of World War II, according to the sphere of influence divided by the treaty, the Soviet Union sent troops to carve up Poland, attack Finland and occupy parts of Eastern Europe in the name of "establishing the Eastern Front to prevent German invasion". The integration of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into the Soviet Union accelerated the neighboring countries to move closer to the fascist axis countries, making the Soviet Union quite unpopular at the beginning of World War II.
194 1 On June 22nd, Nazi Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. At the beginning of the war, the Soviet Red Army suffered heavy military losses. In the first week, the Soviet Union lost 900 planes, thousands of cannons, 1000 tanks and dozens of regular divisions. After that, the Soviet-German battlefield became the main battlefield of the European continent. After a bloody battle, the Soviet Union won the battle of Stalingrad, and the Soviet Union took the initiative on the battlefield. After a bloody battle,1In May, 945, allied forces including the Soviet Red Army captured the whole territory of Nazi Germany, and the European War ended. 1On August 8th, 945, the Soviet Red Army declared war on Japan, sent troops to northeast China and Korea, and wiped out the Japanese Kwantung Army.
The establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization after the war made the Soviet Union feel threatened, so it set up the Warsaw Treaty Organization in tit for tat. The cold war began.
1953, Stalin died. After several years of political struggle between the top leaders of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev finally became the top leader of the Soviet Union. Since then, the Soviet Union has entered the Khrushchev period.
Khrushchev ended the police terror, released millions of political prisoners and restored the reputation of nearly 20 million people. However, Khrushchev's comprehensive criticism of Stalin once triggered political turmoil in the socialist allies in Eastern Europe.
Since then, political conflicts have broken out between the Soviet Union and many countries. But in the space field, the Soviet Union has made remarkable achievements.
1964, Khrushchev stepped down, Brezhnev became the highest * * *, and the Soviet Union entered the Brezhnev period.
In the Brezhnev era, the Soviet Union pursued an expansion policy, which triggered armed conflicts many times and further expanded the Eastern Group. On the one hand, the military strength of the Soviet Union has surpassed that of the United States; On the other hand, people's living standards have not been improved.
Brezhnev died in 1982. After a series of political struggles, 1985 Gorbachev came to power, and the Soviet Union entered the Gorbachev period.
Gorbachev belongs to the reformists. Gorbachev turned to political reform when the economic reform was frustrated and the progress was slow, and implemented the policy of reform and opening up at home to liquidate historical mistakes. But his reform has brought unexpected consequences. With the decentralization of central power, the republics began to seek greater autonomy. With the deepening of "opening up", CPSU's historical problems and crimes were exposed, which led to its loss of popular support.
With the drastic changes in eastern Europe, the governments of Soviet republics have followed the example of eastern European countries and planned to leave the Soviet Union for independence. 1991On August 24th, Ukraine, the second largest member of the Soviet Union, declared its independence. The Soviet Union began to disintegrate.
Later, Russian President Yeltsin ordered CPSU to be declared an illegal organization and its activities in Russia were restricted. 199 1 at the end of the year, he signed a contract with the presidents of Belarus and Ukraine in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States, replacing the Soviet Union with a structure similar to the Commonwealth. Other Soviet countries responded one after another, leaving the Soviet Union, which had existed in name only at this time.
19911On February 25th, Soviet President Gorbachev announced his resignation and handed over state power to Russian President Yeltsin. On the evening of February 25th, 65438, the Soviet flag was lowered slowly from the Kremlin. 12 On February 26th, the Supreme Soviet dissolved itself, marking that the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as a sovereign state.