1、? 1840 in June, more than 40 British warships and 4,000 British troops set sail for Guangzhou. For the first time, the oriental giant was smashed by the western "sea barbarians". China signed the first unequal treaty "treaty of nanking" in modern history, carved up Hong Kong Island, paid compensation of 2 1 10,000 silver dollars, opened its trading ports, and lost its tariff autonomy. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country.
2. 1856-1860 The Second Opium War: The Tianjin Treaty was signed, and the Beijing Treaty * * * paid silver160,000 taels, opened ten trading ports, opened Tianjin as a commercial port, and cut a place from Kowloon Division to Britain. During this period, the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan in the western suburbs of Beijing.
3. 1883-1885 Sino-French War: Although China won the war, France was invincible and China was unbeaten because of the weakness of the rulers.
4. Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895: The treaty of shimonoseki was signed and 200 million taels of silver were paid. Open four trading ports, cede Taiwan Province Island and Penghu Islands to Japan, and allow Japan to set up factories at trading ports.
5. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China 190 1: The Qing government headed by Empress Dowager Cixi was completely reduced to a tool for the powers to rule China, and China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country.
6. 19 12 Russia planned the independence of outer Mongolia, and Britain made Tibet McMahon Line to occupy Tibetan land.
7. 193 1 Northeast Incident, China lost three northeastern provinces.
8.1931September 18, Japanese imperialism launched the September 18th Incident, and the Japanese Kwantung Army stationed in the northeast suddenly attacked Shenyang and attacked the northeast by force. /kloc-In September of 0/8, the Japanese created the "Wicker Lake Incident" and launched a war against the northeast of China.
Within a few years after this incident broke out, all the three northeastern provinces were occupied by the Japanese Kwantung Army, so they were regarded as national humiliation by the people of China. Until today, September's 18 is called "national shame day" in many informal occasions in China.
9.1On the night of July 7, 937, Japanese imperialism launched the July 7th Incident, also known as the Lugouqiao Incident.
10. In the full-scale Japanese imperialist war of aggression against China, which began in 1937, more than 210 million people were killed and injured, and more than 0/0 million people were disabled and killed. Among them, in the six weeks after1937 65438+February 13, the Japanese aggressor troops slaughtered 300,000 people in Nanjing.
Extended data:
An introduction to some events
1, outer Mongolia is independent
1946 65438+1October 3, the national government issued an announcement recognizing the independence of outer Mongolia.
1945 On August 4th, Wang Shijie, Foreign Minister of the National Government, and Molotov, Foreign Minister of the Soviet Government, signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in Moscow. As a supplementary agreement, the two foreign ministers also exchanged notes on Outer Mongolia between China and the Soviet Union.
The main contents are as follows: Because the citizens of outer Mongolia have expressed their desire for independence many times, the China government announced that after the Japanese defeat, if this desire was confirmed by the referendum of outer Mongolia, the China government should recognize the independence of outer Mongolia and take the present border as its national border.
1945 10 10 On October 20th, a referendum was held in outer Mongolia, and China National Government sent personnel to visit. 6543810.5, the joint meeting of the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Grand National Assembly and the Central Committee of the Chinese Revolutionary Committee officially declared Mongolia's independence.
2. The Sino-French War
1883 65438+February to1885 April (Guangxu1February 9 1 1 day), the war triggered by French invasion of Vietnam and then China, the first stage of which was in northern Vietnam. The second phase extended to the southeast coast of China.
In the course of the war, although France, the sea and the navy gained the upper hand in most battles, they could not achieve strategic victory: although the French Far East Fleet won a great victory in the naval battle and once captured Keelung, it could not achieve the strategic goal of winning the island of Taiwan Province Province due to the defeat and epidemic situation of the battle from Huwei (now Danshui Town, Taipei County);
Although the Qing army suffered a disastrous defeat in the early stage, it was led by Prince Gong. The military department and foreman were completely replaced (Shen Jiayi), but the defense of Taiwan Province and Hangzhou Bay was successful in the later period. Feng Zicai commanded the battle of Nanguan in various towns, which brought heavy casualties to the French army, and the French commander nigri was also seriously injured. The failure of the war directly led to the collective collapse of French Prime Minister Rufyiri and other cabinets. ?
Taking this opportunity, the two countries resumed peace talks and concluded the Sino-French New Testament. The Qing side recognized French suzerainty over the French Indian colony of zhina, and the two countries resumed trade. Affected by this war, the Qing court set up a province in Taiwan Province Province, with Liu Mingchuan as the governor, vigorously promoted modern defense and the New Deal, and actively established the Beiyang Navy.
3. 1894- 1895 Sino-Japanese War
1895 65438+1On October 20th, the second Japanese army began to land on Longxu Island in Rongcheng. On 30th, Japanese troops concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. Because the troops were outnumbered, Nanbang Fort was finally captured by the Japanese army.
1On February 3rd, 895, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis and became an isolated island under the command of Ding. The commander of the Japanese joint fleet wrote to Ding to surrender, but Ding Rujing refused.
In the early morning of February 5th, 1895, the flagship Dingyuan Zhongli Mine ran aground and continued to fight as a water battery.
In February 1895, 10, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition, and Liu ordered the ship to sink, so as not to be attacked and commit suicide.
In February 1895, 1 1, Ding refused to surrender and committed suicide under the threat of the general.
1895 12 In February, the surrender was drafted by Hao Wei, an American foreigner, and sent to the Japanese flagship in the name of Ding.
1895 February 14, Weihai Business Office transferred Niu Chang to sign the Liu Gongdao Surrender Treaty with Ito Sukeyuki, agreeing to hand over all the ships in Ahava Port, Liu Gongdao Fort and all ordnance materials on the island to the Japanese army.
1895 February 17, Japanese troops landed in Liu Gongdao, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out.
The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan and Haicheng. The Qing government signed the "treaty of shimonoseki" (painting) for China and Japan, transferred Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang, to be in charge of the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition, granted full command of the military affairs inside and outside Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dacheng and Song Qing, the governors of Hunan, as deputies in order to save the decline.
From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army launched four campaigns to recapture Haicheng, all of which ended in failure. On February 28th, the Japanese army invaded from Haicheng and successively captured Niuzhuang, Yingkou and Tianzhuangtai. In just 10 day, more than 60,000 battalions of the Qing army 100 retreated from the entire east bank of Liaohe River.
People's Daily Online-1946 65438+1On October 3rd, the National Government recognized Mongolia's independence.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-French War
People's Daily Online-1 894 August1:The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out in an all-round way.