Text/Yu Great Wall
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The Map of Yuanhe Counties was compiled by Li Jifu, the prime minister during the period of "Yuanhe Zhongxing", and he also compiled Yuanhe surnames. There used to be a map, but later it was lost, leaving only part of the text-incomplete, so it is now called Yuanhe County Records. Since the early Song Dynasty, the county records of Yuan and Qing Dynasties were based on the county records of Yuan Dynasty.
The names of dynasties are very complicated, and many people have the same names. Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, many place names in history have become confused accounts. Some place names even span thousands of miles, one south and one north.
There are two kinds of opinions about Mulingguan today: one is in Xinxian County, Xinyang City, Henan Province, and the other is in Yishui County, Linyi City, Shandong Province. But throughout history, in the whole Tang Dynasty, its only position should be on the Jianghuai watershed in Dabie Mountain, that is, in Xinxian County.
The entry "Qingzhou" in Henan Liuhe County Records contains "Muling Mountain, which is within the boundaries of Yishui County, Langye County", but does not contain Muling Pass. The entry of "Three Roads in the South of the Yangtze River" and "Macheng County in Huangzhou" in the county annals contains "Mulingguan, Baishaguan in the west of 80 miles (within the territory of the new county), 100 miles northwest of the county, 200 miles north of the state, and 149 miles in Gwangju". Because the records of Huainan Road in Yuanhe County Records are often lost, there is no record of Gwangju.
However, according to Yuanhe County Records, there was only one Mulingguan in the Tang Dynasty, which was located in Macheng County, Huangzhou, Huainan Road.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties followed the geographical division of provinces in the Yuan Dynasty, and the boundary between Henan Province and Hubei Province was the Jianghuai watershed of Dabie Mountain, so Mulingguan belonged to Guangshan County of Gwangju in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because on the watershed, it belongs to Macheng County, and Huangzhou has been called Macheng County since the Tang Dynasty.
1932, Jingfu County (the predecessor of Xinxian County) was established in the Republic of China, and Wuli * * 17 in the south of Guangshan County was merged with a small part of Macheng County and Huang An County (now Hongan County) in Hubei Province to become a county across the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River. Most of the Jianghuai watershed in Dabie Mountain is in this new county, and the former Mulingguan is also a new county.
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There were eight Xiongguan in Xinxian County in ancient times, which were built during the confrontation between the Northern and Southern Dynasties or during the confrontation between the Song and Jin Dynasties, and distributed on five "Huangguang Ancient Roads" (or Han and Huang Ancient Roads). Among them, Mulingguan was built at the earliest time, built by Nanqi, and later returned to Beiqi and Zhou Bei. According to the Southern Qi Dynasty, there were Dabie Mountain and Sizhou (now Xinyang City), the Northern Wei Dynasty attacked Sizhou, and Damon Liang ZSZSZSZ once saved Sizhou. Today, there is a mine site in the western suburbs of Xinyang city. ZSZSZSZ ascended the throne as Liang Wudi and spent two years in prison. Sizhou was broken by the Northern Wei Dynasty and Yiyang entered the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the first year of Liang Taiqing, Gwangju was established and Mulingguan was subordinate to Gwangju. Chen Nan lost Gwangju and Mulingguan.
"Macheng County Records" in the Republic of China: "Mulingguan is located at the junction of Qi and Chen, one hundred miles north of the county, and (south) in the same place. Beiqi was abolished (Beiqi and Nanchen were bounded by the Yangtze River). In the twelfth year of the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, Liu Gongzhuo, an ancient town in Lidao, asked for Wu Yuanji Road. " "Since the ancient MuLing pass, foot soldiers arrogant can't control, not good at fighting, the enemy is easy to get. Tian Liang spent two years in prison. Xia Houdun was the general, the second chief executive of Wuchang in the West, and sent generals to attack the three passes of Peiping, Tientsin, Muling and Yinshan. (South) Chen Yin Dingzhou Secretariat. Tian Long rose up and made the secretariat of Zhou Huan beg for it. Longsheng Gao Made Jing 'an Army Mu Ling and Yin Guan all supported him, and rose up and led the army to refuse to fight in the valley. Sun points and attacks, and the dragon is defeated. "
"Records of Guangshan County" in the Republic of China: "Mulingguan is located in Wulongbao, 132 miles southeast of the county, bordering Macheng in the south, and there is Muling Mountain, commonly known as Sijieling. The mouth of the cliff is extremely steep. There is water flowing north, and Li said that' the Yellow River (Yellow River) flows northeast, and Mulingguan is also a person who injects water'. " The History of the South was published by Liang Pingtong in eight years, and Xiahou Kuishuai, Pei Zhili and Ren Sizu set out to attack the three passes of Pingjin, Muling and Yinshan. ""Asked Tian Longsheng, and Long Shengjing settled in Muling and Yinshan, supporting Tang Shu for him. "Li pretended to chase Li and listened to his words, and went out to Muling. Gaim's mausoleum is especially located at the Essay Pass. It is reported that Mulingguan was named after Muling Mountain, and Nan Shi and Xin Tang Shu were all fake wood. There were some mixed Muling in Zuo Zhuan, and Gao recorded Gwangju in great detail. "
Southern History was written by Master Li and li yanshou and his son in the early Tang Dynasty, Liang Shu was written by Yao Silian in the early Tang Dynasty, and The Book of the New Tang Dynasty was written by historians and writers Song Qi and Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty. Both Sanzhengshi and Yuanhe County annals write Muling Pass as the first pass in the new county, while the brilliant Macheng County Annals and Guangshan County Annals only write Muling Pass because of Li Daoyuan's comments on water mirrors, but deny Sanzhengshi and Yuanhe County annals. It's really strange! Li Daoyuan was an official in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Mulingguan was built in the Southern Qi Dynasty. Therefore, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics is most likely to mistake "wood" for "wood".
The reason for this misunderstanding is that Zuo Zhuan recorded the name of Muling Mountain in Qi State. After the Song Dynasty, Mulingguan in Shandong was far more famous than Mulingguan in Dabie Mountain. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the Guang-Huang Ancient Road no longer took the Mulingguan in the Tang Dynasty (destroyed by the Five Dynasties Houliang), but took Yinshanguan, Hutouguan and Chunfengling. Chunfengling is a small boundary ridge or an eastern boundary ridge, and Muling is enclosed in a big boundary ridge or a western boundary ridge.
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However, the Mulingguan in all Tang poems is the Mulingguan in Huangzhou, Jiangnan Road, which is referred to in Nan Shi, Liang Shu, Xin Tang Shu and Yuanhe County Records, that is, Guangshan County in Gwangju in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Mulingguan in Xinxian County now, instead of the Mulingguan in Shandong Province of the ancient Qi State.
For you, reading poetry:
(1) Li Bai's "All Angry Words Vote for Wei Langzhong": "Mu Lingguan is worried about loving his son in the north, and Zhang Yunan is divorced from his old wife." At that time, Li Bai was in Xunyang prison, his children were in Zhangzhou, and his wife was studying Taoism in Lushan. Zhou and Qingzhou are at the same latitude, so it is impossible to go north of Mulingguan in Linyi today, and it is impossible to bypass Qingzhou from Xunyang and Anlu (Li Bai once "borrowed wine to settle down"), but it will definitely take the Dabie Mountain Huang Huang Post Road.
(2) Wang Wei's "Sending Heng Yue and Yuan Gong to the South with Cui Xingzong": "Speaking from the Stone Fungus Pavilion, the new Muling Pass. Going to Chiyang alone, Baiyun stays in Laoshan. " Chiyang County, where Wang Wei is located, is in Shaanxi Province. How can he go to Shandong only through Mulingguan in Dabie Mountain?
(3) Wang Changling's "Send Xue Da to Anlu": "The clouds in the golden head are cloudy and the fragrant hills are dark, and the guests move away from Chu and Yan. Send a boat to Anlu County, which is Mulingguan on the horizon. " The author saw off guests in Xiangshan, and Xue took a boat to Anlu, with Mulingguan in Dabie Mountain as the horizon.
(4) Lang Shiyuan's Farewell: "Mu Ling Guan Qiu Yun Qi, An.
Lucheng yaohangzi. "This poem was written by the author to bid farewell to a wanderer in Anlu County who passed by Mulingguan, which should be on the yellow light ancient road in Dabie Mountain.
(5) Liu Yuxi's three poems in Zhou: "There is no fire in Nanfeng, and Muling is not locked at night." Cai Zhou (Runan), Nanfeng and Chuze all called Mulingguan the Mulingguan of Dabie Mountain.
(6) Dai Shulun's "Runan Wind School Book": "Autumn wind Wan Li Road, and out of Mulingguan." Runan is Cai Zhou, near Gwangju, so Mulingguan also refers to Mulingguan in Dabie Mountain.
(7) The text "I am pregnant on the road": "Ruyang Road, Gao Ting, snowstorm Mulingguan." Ditto.
(8) Liu Changqing's "Send Lu Yu Maoshan to Li Yanling": "The new home is pengze county, so the country is Mulingguan." According to the biographies of Liang Shu and Tao Hongjing, Maoshan is Qushan in Jurong County, Jiangsu Province. Pengze county is in Jiujiang, close to Xinxian County; Xinxian County belongs to Jiujiang County from Qin Dynasty and Jiangzhou from Southern Song Dynasty. Obviously, Muling in the poem is in Dabie Mountain.
(9) Liu Changqing's "Muling Guanbei Everyone Returns to Yuyang": "Every Muling Road, a horse goes to Sanggan. Chu Cangshan is ancient, and Youzhou is cold in the daytime. " Obviously, it was a farewell in Chu, and Mulingguan refers to Mulingguan in Chu, and Chu's trip to Sanggan and Yuyang will not go around Qingzhou on the coast of Shandong.
(10) Li Hao's "Sending my brother to visit Jianghuai and Yang Poyang and Liu Taishou": "Muling is far away from the breeze, and Li Penghu is even in spring." There are Jianghuai and Poyang Lake in the title of the poem, and Lipeng Lake, Xunyang, Xilin Temple and Kanshui in the poem, all pointing to Mulingguan in Dabie Mountain.
(1 1) Xu Tang's Crossing the Muling Pass: "If there is no official, it is shameful to be white." There is no place name in the whole poem, so the custom is difficult to determine.
There are 1 1 poems about Mulingguan written by Tang people. Except Xu Tang's poem, Mulingguan in other 10 poems refers to Mulingguan in Xinxian County.
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Finally, let me talk about Hirai Pass. Among the customs, Pingjingguan is the earliest, which was called the National Revolutionary Customs in ancient times and was one of the nine blockade lines in the world during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
There is a saying that is wrong-Sun Wu and Wu Zixu went to the underworld when they attacked Chu. Sun and Wu Ji, with 30,000 soldiers, followed the king of Wu to attack Chu, crossed the Huaihe River from the north, joined Cai's army of 10,000 people, and then joined Tang's army of 10,000 people. On the route, it is impossible to go to the ghost gate 40 miles south of Xinyang, but to the north of Xinyang-now Zhumadian to Nanyang and then to the north bank of Hanshui River. At that time, Mingyue Pass, Zhiyuan Pass (now Wusheng Pass) and Daxie Pass (now Jiuliguan Pass) were all under the control of the negative trust city, a military town of Chu, which was Chengyang City during the Warring States Period. At that time, Sajima 'e of Chu was stationed in the negative trust city, and Ling Zichang of Chu was confronted with Wu Jun on the south bank of Hanshui River. Zuo conspired with Zichang to let Zichang deal with Wu Jun in Hanshui area first. He burned Wu Jun's mouth on the Huaihe River. After blocking the three passes, he sent his troops and his son to attack Wu Jun and defeated Wu Jun. However, his son was always insatiable and took the lead in one-on-one hitting Wu Jun, and the result was a crushing defeat. Sajima's army was able to defeat Wu Jun in the first battle, but after all, it was very different in strength, and it was defeated in all three wars. Sajima committed suicide. It is impossible for Wu Jun to go to the ghost town with the troops stationed in the treacherous city.
After Sanguan was called "Yiyang Sanguan" in Han Dynasty, the names of Sanguan in Zuo Zhuan changed, which is also a manifestation of the changeable ancient place names.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were two more Xiongguan in Xinxian County, one for Baisha Pass and the other for Muling Pass. Pingjing is located at the western end of Dabie Mountain, Muling is located at the eastern end of Dabie Mountain, and Baisha is located in the middle of Dabie Mountain. Today, Baishaguan and Mulingguan belong to the new county, one at the western end and the other at the eastern end.
During the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties and Huaihe River, Governor Jiangzhou rebuilt or built a pass in Dabie Mountain, resulting in thirteen passes in Dabie Mountain, eight of which were in Xinxian County.
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