First, the record of Deqing Kiln's old knowledge of Deqing Kiln was first seen in the Historical Draft of Zina Celadon written by Fujio Yamayama of Japan in the 1930s and 1940s, in which the ancient Deqing Kiln was included in the Yue Kiln series together with the kilns such as Shanglin Lake in Yuyao. 1May, 956, Wang Jiying and others of Zhejiang Cultural Management Association conducted an investigation and trial excavation on the kiln site of Jiaoshan in Deqing, and found and recorded two kiln sites of the same type, Daijiashan and Chengshan. After comparing the collected porcelain specimens and various kiln furniture with Yue kiln products, they published the article "Notes on the Investigation of Deqing Kiln", and thought that the age of Deqing Kiln was after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was the concept of "Deqing Kiln". During the period of 1974, Zhu of Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology discovered two kiln sites of Deqing kiln in mainland orchard and Mantou Mountain in Yuhang County, which broke the understanding that Deqing kiln was only located in Deqing area and highlighted the cultural concept of "kiln system" in archaeological typology of ancient kiln sites to some extent. Therefore, it is generally believed that the scope of Deqing kiln is: taking Deqing as the center, including Yuhang and Huzhou in northern Zhejiang. Unfortunately, from 1950s to early 1980s, except for two kiln sites in Yuhang, there were almost no new discoveries and breakthroughs in the related archaeology of Deqing kiln. 1982 edition of History of Chinese Ceramics defines Deqing Kiln as "Deqing Kiln is a kiln that burns both black porcelain and celadon, mainly producing black porcelain" and "Deqing Kiln's firing history is not long, from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the early Southern Dynasties, * * * more than one hundred years".

The second is the new discovery of archaeological investigation.

With two large-scale cultural relics surveys and many special investigations and archaeological excavations by archaeological departments inside and outside the province in recent decades, more than 65,438+000 kiln sites were found in various periods, including more than 70 original kiln sites from Xia Shang Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period and more than 20 original kiln sites from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which provided valuable first-hand information for the study of Deqing kiln and enriched its extension and connotation. The most representative kiln sites in each period are as follows:

1 Nanshanyao Site in Shang Dynasty

Nanshan Kiln Site (formerly known as Mouse Mountain Kiln Site) is located in Mouse Mountain, Qingshan Township, Huzhou City, about 20 kilometers north of Wu Kang Town, Deqing County. The hill where the kiln site is located is only 16 meters above sea level, and it is located on the bank of Dongtiaoxi River. From March 20 10 to March 20 1 10, Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted a rescue excavation of the kiln site, with an excavation area of 800 square meters. There are rich relics in the kiln site. * * * revealed three kiln sites, unearthed a large number of original porcelain specimens, and some artifacts that may be used as kiln furniture. Primitive porcelain specimens are mainly beans, with a certain number of reeds, statues, pots, plates, bowls, pots and other utensils. Most of the utensils are delicate and firm, but the porcelain tire still contains certain impurities, the glaze layer is extremely thin and the color is uneven. According to the excavation data, Nanshan kiln site is the kiln site where almost pure primitive porcelain was fired in Shang Dynasty, which can reach the early Shang Dynasty at the earliest. The kiln site is rich in stratum accumulation, well-preserved, with porcelain clay as tire, obvious traces of artificial glazing and clear evolution sequence of utensils. This is the earliest primitive porcelain kiln site excavated so far. (Figure 1, Figure 2)

2 Shang Dynasty Shuidongwu kiln site

Shuidongwu kiln site is located in Shuidongwu, Dongshan Natural Village, Longsheng Village, Wu Kang Town, Deqing County, on the north side of Tingziqiao kiln site, which belongs to the same hill as Tingziqiao kiln site. The kiln site is distributed in the mountains in the east-west direction, with a width of about 20 meters from north to south and a length of about 50 meters from east to west. The distribution area of ground specimens is about 1000 square meters, and the thickness of primary accumulation is about 0.3-0.5 meters. The collected specimens are Yi Bowl and Corrugated Bowl, and the utensils are painted with blue glaze, with regular shape, firm fetal quality and gray color. This kiln site was first discovered in an ancient kiln site survey conducted by Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Deqing Museum in March 2009, and a partial trial excavation was carried out. Below the surface soil is war.

During the period of China, the accumulation layer of kiln site was superimposed by the accumulation of kiln site in Shang Dynasty and the remains of Longyao in Shang Dynasty. Judging from the relics unearthed from the stratum of Shang Dynasty, this is a kiln site of Shang Dynasty, which is mainly made of printed hard pottery and a small amount of primitive porcelain. Pots are the main types of hard pottery with printed patterns, with Yun Leiwen printed on the surface, and the printed patterns are shallow and dense. A small number of hard pottery with patterns have transparent thin glaze on the surface. Primitive porcelain has a small amount of high-handled beans, with a light blue glaze on the surface and a thin glaze layer. This is the first time that Deqing County discovered the site of Shang Dynasty primitive celadon kiln, which has important cultural relics value. (Figure 3)

Yamakaji Kiln Site from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period.

Yamakaji Kiln Site is located in Longshan Village, Wu Kang Town, Deqing County. It is an ancient kiln site for firing primitive celadon from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. The kiln site was found in the second national cultural relics survey in 1984, with a distribution area of about 2000 square meters. From March to May, 2007, Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Palace Museum and Deqing County Museum formed a joint archaeological team to conduct rescue archaeological excavations, covering an area of nearly 900 square meters, revealing 3 kiln beds and more than 0 ash pits/kloc-0. The exposed kiln site remains are clearly visible, which is the earliest kiln site found in China to burn primitive celadon. Most of the unearthed objects are primitive porcelain, and there are also a few kiln furniture. Primitive porcelain products are rich, mainly bowls, including plates, cans, pots, bowls and lids, as well as bronze-like ding, Mao, reeds and so on. There are also various decorative patterns, such as cloud thunder pattern, hook and loop pattern, water ripple pattern, S-shaped pattern, cone tooth pattern, noose pattern, etc., which are similar to bronzes of the same period. Decorative techniques include characterization, die printing, stacking and pasting. Most products have good glaze color, regular shape, and some objects have complex decorative patterns. Yamakaji Kiln Site is the only known primitive porcelain kiln site from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. It reveals the remains of the kiln bed belonging to Longyao, fills the blank in the history of Chinese ceramics, and provides an important reference for the origin of similar artifacts unearthed from the ancient tombs in Deqing, Sanhe Tashan and southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang. (Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7)

4 Tingziqiao kiln site during the Warring States Period

Tingziqiao kiln site is located in the north of Tingziqiao, Dongshan Natural Village, Longsheng Village, Wu Kang Town, Deqing County. The kiln sites are mainly distributed on the east side of the mountain, with an area of about 1 1,000 square meters. The collected specimens include bowls, cans, drum stands, sentences, etc. It is a very important site of primitive celadon kiln in the Warring States period, with a variety of utensils and products. The kiln site was found in 1986. From 2007 10 to March 2008, Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, together with Deqing County Museum, conducted archaeological excavations on the kiln site. During the excavation, * * * revealed the remains of seven kiln sites, and unearthed a large number of primitive celadon ritual vessels, musical instruments imitating bronzes, and various shapes.

Kiln furniture The seven kiln sites exposed this time are all built on gentle slopes of hills, with a long plane, which is a dragon kiln with the characteristics of southern China. The unearthed product specimens are mainly primitive celadon and a very small amount of printed hard pottery. In addition to ordinary daily utensils, such as plates, bowls, cups, pots, cups, boxes and so on. Primitive celadon is mainly a large number of bronze-like ritual vessels and musical instruments. The types of ritual vessels are pot-shaped ding, pot-shaped ding, bean, pot, three-legged pot, plate, three-legged plate, beam-lifting pot, multi-hole flask, statue, reed,? , cans, tripods, swords, etc. The musical instruments are always loyal. Yu, sentence, tripod, wall clock, drum stand. These objects are similar to bronzes in shape and size, regular in shape, well-made, exquisite in pattern, meticulous and firm in tire, uniform and bright in glaze color, and the product quality has reached the level of mature celadon. The excavation results show that this kiln site was the main kiln site for firing high-grade bronze primitive celadon ritual vessels and musical instruments in the Warring States period. Its excavation has found a clear origin and kiln mouth for a large number of bronze-like primitive porcelain ritual vessels and musical instruments unearthed in ancient tombs during the Warring States Period in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in recent years, such as the tomb of Hongshan nobles in Wuxi and the tomb of Liangshan in Deqing. (Figures 8 and 9, 10,16,5438+02)

5 ? Wu Qingshan kiln site in Eastern Han Dynasty

Wu Qingshan kiln site is located in Wu Qingshan, Baota Village, Sanhe Township, Deqing County, on the hillside 50 meters west of the village committee. The scattered area of ground specimens is 60 meters from east to west and 50 meters from north to south, with a total distribution area of about 3000 square meters. The remains of Longyao are still preserved, and the deposits contain a lot of remnants, kiln furniture and stewed soil. During 20 10, the kiln site was excavated, and the collected relics mainly included porcelain and primitive porcelain. The decorative patterns of the two models are basically the same. Porcelain is solid in texture and closely combined with fetal glaze. The tire color is bluish gray and grayish white, and the glaze color is cyan, cyan, turquoise and a small amount of sauce brown glaze and black glaze. The original porcelain tire has poor sintering degree and the glaze layer falls off, which is far from porcelain. The ratio of the two is about 30% for porcelain and 70% for original porcelain. There are bases, pots, cans, bells, bowls, etc. Decorative patterns are as follows

Water ripple, chord pattern, net pattern, frame filling pattern, diamond pattern, window lattice pattern, curtain pattern, butterfly pattern, nail pattern, comb tooth pattern, etc. The product features are consistent with Shanglin Lake in Cixi, Xiaoxiantan in Shangyu, Zhang Zishan and Hanyao Site in Dingshu Town, Yixing, Jiangsu. This kiln site is a representative kiln site of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Deqing area, which is of great value for studying the discovery, development and evolution of ancient kiln sites and Deqing kiln in this area and related areas. (Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16)

6 ? Xiaomashan kiln site from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties

Xiaomashan kiln site belongs to the representative kiln site of Deqing kiln in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. It is located in Xiaomashan, south gate of Gan Yuan Town, Deqing County. It was first discovered by Zhejiang Cultural Management Association at 1959. 1982, Deqing County People's Government announced Xiaomashan kiln site as a county-level cultural relics protection unit. During the period of 1995, Deqing County Museum cooperated with the infrastructure to carry out rescue archaeological cleaning of the kiln site. According to the detailed description of the later cleaning briefing, the kiln site of Xiaomashan mainly fired celadon and black porcelain, and the unearthed objects were mainly celadon, accounting for about 80%, and black glazed porcelain only accounted for 20%. There are chicken-headed pots, pots, bowls, pots, three-legged inkstones, plates and so on. Fetal quality is generally rough, mixed with more fine sand, with darker tire color and worse glaze. Blue glazes are all made of cosmetic soil, with smooth glaze surface and heavy glaze color, and are generally decorated with dots. Black glaze has no makeup soil, thick glaze layer and thick glaze black. (Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 20)

7 ? The kiln sites such as Shuyuantou and Qianshan in Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Shuyuantou Kiln is located in Sancun, Luoshe Town, Deqing County, and is now a provincial cultural protection unit. Products are divided into celadon and black porcelain. The main types are bowls, plates, cans, pan-mouth pots, chicken-headed pots, pan-mouth four-series bottles, Gao Zuwan and inkstone. Qian Shan kiln site is located in Qian Shan Dongpo of Zhangjiaqiao, Sha Village, Luoshe Town, Deqing County, belonging to Deqing kiln site in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The area is about 1 10,000 square meters, and the stacking thickness is 1.5 meters, which is relatively large. From mid-July to early September, 2009, Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Deqing County Museum jointly conducted a rescue archaeological excavation of the kiln site to cooperate with the Hangzhou-Nanjing high-speed railway construction project under construction. * * * Four kiln sites have been cleared, among which 1 Dragon Kiln is relatively complete, with a length of 40 meters and a width of 4.7 meters, which is the largest ancient kiln site excavated in Zhejiang. There are many relics piled up, including bowls, plates, lamps, cans, pots, pillows and so on. The glaze color of the utensils is blue and black, and the fetus is grayish brown. Kilns have columns, cakes and beads. (Numbers 2 1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 3 1)

Third, the re-understanding of Deqing kiln

1 ? Ignition age

A large number of daily utensils with blue glaze and black glaze were unearthed in the archaeological excavation of Fangqian kiln site and Qianshan kiln site in Deqing county, and later blue glaze and brown color products appeared. Archaeological results show that Deqing kiln was still firing a large number of porcelain in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, so it can be considered that the lower limit of Deqing kiln should extend to the late Tang Dynasty, not just the Eastern Jin Dynasty-Southern Dynasties. In addition, in recent years, dozens of kiln sites in Shang and Zhou Dynasties were newly discovered in the archaeological investigation of Deqing and Dongtiaoxi drainage basins in southern Huzhou, with dense distribution, high product quality and excellent manufacturing technology, which proved that the development of porcelain handicraft industry in Deqing and surrounding areas at that time had a great influence on the formation of Deqing kiln in the Eastern Han Dynasty in Zhejiang Province and even celadon of the eastern han dynasty, which can be said to be the origin of the development of China celadon, and the two were in the same strain.

2 ? Product composition

Traditional ceramic materials define Deqing kiln as firing black porcelain, and Deqing kiln is also famous for its black glaze products. However, the latest excavation results of Xiaomashan kiln site in Deqing and Shimadou kiln site in Yuhang show that celadon is absolutely dominant in the number of unearthed specimens, and the proportion of black porcelain is less than 20%. In addition, a large number of specimens collected in Wu Qingshan kiln site in Han Dynasty, the kiln site at the head of Sui and Tang Academy and in front of the house are mainly celadon, with only a few black porcelain products. Therefore, it can be determined that Deqing kiln burned both blue glaze and black glaze products from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, mainly celadon, and about 20% of the products were black porcelain products.

3 Status significance

It has been more than half a century since the discovery and naming of Deqing kiln, to the archaeological excavation of Deqing kiln site in various periods, and to the excavation and research of the original porcelain kiln site group where Deqing kiln originated in recent years. During this period, the definition of Deqing kiln was expanded and updated. Especially in recent years, the discovery and excavation of a large number of primitive porcelain kiln sites in Deqing and southern Huzhou prove that the ancient kiln industry in Deqing started firing in Xia and Shang Dynasties, which lasted for two weeks, from Han, Wei and Six Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties. Although there are sporadic missing rings in the middle, the whole history of Deqing ceramics firing is still complete and continuous. The discovery of primitive porcelain kiln sites undoubtedly provides extremely important physical evidence for studying the origin, development and evolution of Deqing kiln system and the regional scope of Deqing kiln system. As summarized in the First Seminar on the Origin of Porcelain: "The kiln site area in Dongtiaoxi River Basin with Deqing as the center in Shang and Zhou Dynasties is unique in terms of production time, kiln site scale, kiln site product types and product quality, which occupies a very important position in the history of China ceramics, the first peak in the history of China porcelain making and the source of China porcelain." The position of Deqing kiln in the history of China ceramics was highly appraised. Deqing Kiln is another porcelain kiln system with a long history. It is the source of China celadon and an important part of Chinese ceramic history.