Before the Qing Dynasty, the whole Taoerhe River basin was in a primitive and undeveloped state, except for nomadic tribes occasionally. In the Qing Dynasty, the whole Taoer River basin belonged to the nomadic pasture of Mongolian princes, and it was comprehensively managed through the league flag system established by the Qing government. Taoer River Basin mainly belongs to ZhaSaquetoux Banner of Horqin Right-wing Zhelimu League. In the early Qing dynasty, Mongolian flag was the key fief, except for a few nomadic lands, which were all barren land with rich water and grass. According to the archives of Qing Dynasty. "Zagreb Saquetoux County is the border of Wang Qi, which is more than 1,000 miles long from north to south and 120 to 30 miles wide from east to west. ..... hills, plains and rivers are rich, and aquatic plants are extremely rich, which is most suitable for grazing animals. " After the mid-Qing Dynasty, in order to gain more benefits, Mongolian princes took the initiative to lease their land to the Han people, and the lease conditions were favorable. "In the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong (179 1), Guoerluos Zasakong Grabutan gave the grassland to refugees for cultivation. At that time, it was only about the immediate interests, but it was not mentioned in the politics of walking the rope in one acre and three points. Refugees pay less rent because they occupy more land. " When the Han people in Shanhaiguan saw that it was profitable, they rushed to tell each other, and more and more people privately entered Mongolia to open up wasteland and rent seeds. In order to strengthen the management of Mongolian Han people, the Qing government established Changchun Hall in Golroth Banner in 1800. As a result, other ministries and commissions have also entered the training state of recruiting. Due to the northerly latitude and slightly cold climate, immigrants from the Weitaoer River Basin rarely settle here. After the treaty of shimonoseki and the Treaty of Xin Chou were signed one after another, the crisis of the Chinese nation deepened and domestic contradictions became increasingly acute. In order to reduce the pressure of survival and get rid of the fetters of exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, the Han people in Shanhaiguan set off a wave of immigration to the uncultivated areas in Northeast China. At the same time, in order to reduce the fiscal deficit and shift the focus of contradictions, the Qing government also encouraged Han Chinese to migrate to the border. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (190 1), the Qing government began to implement the new policy of "emigrating to the real frontier" and completely relaxed the ban on land expropriation. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), the western part of Jilin Province was fully opened. 1903, Horqin right-wing Qianqi began to set up a bureau to release, and successively released 625,000 pieces of Mongolian land from the north of Bayanzhao to Jinnahe River and Communication River. 1904, Horqin right-wing houqi was established and released, and the cultivated land in the south of Taoer River was released 1864.7 years, resulting in a drought of 22,2991year. As a result, the Mongolian famine in Taoer River basin entered a stage of large-scale expansion. This indicates that the land development in Northeast Mongolia has entered a brand-new historical period, that is, it has changed from "raising the land with Mongolian flags" and "private cultivation by refugees" to "official release", and from passive prohibition of official release of land to active opening. Although the river basin has been abandoned, the actual number of people reclamation is limited and the development of villages is slow. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1907), Shaktu Wang Qi was placed in front of the province, which was missing 19370 days, and the location was in Jing 'an County. According to the discount of 15 years, there is a shortage of 2900 days, which will be handed over to Jing 'an County for recruitment. Up to this year, only 1300 days of wasteland has been released, and there is a real shortage of 1600 days. Most of the remaining wasteland is because the Han people in Shanhaiguan are unwilling to immigrate to the west of Jilin Province. Due to the cold climate and occasional floods, many immigrants in Shanhaiguan are reluctant to explore the Taoer River basin. For example, there are few people in Zhenlai now. Although Zhenlai "has the advantages of agriculture, forestry and fishery, it is a pity that the climate in the north latitude is cold and there are floods in the basin." Secondly, the scattered immigration policy of Mongolian vassal states made it impossible for the immigrants in Shanhaiguan to form residential areas in a short time, which caused a lot of inconvenience to individuals living alone. "County Records of Tao An in Fengtian" records that "before the release of this territory, all Mongolians lived on the Taoer River in the south and northwest of this territory, and their successors were recruited by Mongolians, so they were divided into one village and one clan, not a village. After releasing the land, they moved to the autonomous wasteland and built houses, that is, they lived in scattered places with their surnames as shacks. There are dozens of big villages. " Due to the small number and scattered distribution of Han immigrants, land development and resource utilization are very limited. Furthermore, Mongolian princes and Han people; There are frequent conflicts between artists because of farmland and rent payment, and even fierce armed conflicts, which lead many settled Han people to emigrate for the second time in order to take refuge. According to records, during Xuantong's three-year Wutai rebellion in Inner Mongolia, about 1828 Han immigrants fled in Jing 'an County alone, leaving only 6,967 households. With the increasing number of refugees in the central area of Taoerhe River basin, the affairs of new immigrants in Mongolia are becoming more and more complicated. In order to achieve effective governance, in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the imperial court specially invited Shuangliu Town to be set up in the central axis of Taoer River, which was under the jurisdiction of Liujiao River and Taoer River Basin, the second largest river in China. Shuangliu Town was named after these two rivers. Originally the nomadic land of the king of Zhashaktu County, the right-wing front banner of Horqin, Mongolia, it formed a settlement as early as the early Ming Dynasty and later developed into a military fortress with a wall circumference of more than ten miles. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Han people spontaneously formed a central market in a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area, which was also nicknamed "Sacha Gaimot". The imperial court allowed Zhao Erxun to play, and the government was established in 1905. Later, because the house was located on the south bank of Taoer River, it was renamed Taonan House, which led to the opening of two counties (now Tongyu County) and Jing 'an County (now Taoan County of Baicheng City), and the next year, Anguang County was added as Xiejiawo Fort. Build a five-mile wall with four doors. 1905, the Russo-Japanese War broke out and Liaodong Peninsula became the main battlefield. In order to escape the war, victims in southern Liaoning fled to the north, and tens of thousands of refugees came to Taoer River basin every day. Taonan magistrate gave Governor Fengtian money to build a city on the grounds of "helping the victims and defending against the invasion of the Japanese pirates". Governor Fengtian allocated tens of thousands of taels of silver to build fortifications for the refugees fleeing from the war. Under the auspices of Taonan magistrate, the wasteland north of Taoer River was released on 1908 and 19 10, and was included in Chagan Dong Xian County on 19 10. After entering the Republic of China, Taonan Prefecture was changed to county in 19 14, and Tao Chang Road and Changtu were under the jurisdiction of Tao Chang Road and Fengtian. Under the unified management of Fengtian, the Mongolian land in Taoerhe River Basin was gradually reclaimed and colonized, and the western part of Jilin with Taonan as the center became increasingly prosperous, and the primitive grassland in Taoerhe River Basin gradually became a farming area. Because there are many beaches in the lower reaches of Taoer River, villages are often in the state of Zeguo in rainy season. For example, in Taoan County, "more than 20 miles between Mengjiawobao and Wujiazi are all wetlands, and the traffic is difficult." Economic development is restricted by backward traffic. At this time, the rich natural resources in the west of Jilin Province attracted the attention of the Japanese. In order to strengthen the plunder and transportation of local resources, Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. decided to extend the railway line to Taonan. 19 13 10 In order to gain Japanese support for the restoration of monarchy, Yuan Shikai and Japan signed an Exchange of Notes on Manchu-Mongolian Five Roads, agreeing to extend the Manchurian South-Manchu Railway to the hinterland of Manchuria with Siping as the axis and build Manchu-Mongolian Five Roads. The longest section of Japanese Manchuria Railway in the northeast and west is the third section of Ping (Siping)-Qi (Qiqihar) Railway, namely Sizheng (Siping-Zhengjiatun) Railway, Zheng Tao (Zhengjiatun-Taonan) Railway and Taonan (Taonan-Ang) Railway. The first line is Sizheng Railway, which started in April 19 17 and was completed in October/819/kloc-0. Subsequently, the construction of Zheng Tao Railway began. The total length of Zheng Tao railway is 224 kilometers. /kloc-0 started in April, 1922, and was completed in April, 1923, and opened to traffic the following year. In August, 1925, Taoang Railway followed,127 opened to Zhenlai,1926, and opened to Tailai on July 4 of the same year. As Ang Ang Creek is a stop on the Middle East railway line, it indicates that Taonan, the capital city in the west of Jilin Province, has become an important fulcrum for the Middle East railway network to extend to the west of Mongolia. The Taoer River basin is also more closely linked with the whole northeast region because of the construction of the railway. 1934, 1 April, 2008, Manchuria Railway established Taonan Railway Bureau in Taonan, in charge of Zheng Tao, Taoyang and Taosuo railways (Taonan to Suolun, founded in 1929). Taonan has a more prominent position in the northeast and west and has become an important hub at the railway level. As of August after 1945, the original Sitao, Taoang and Qi 'ang roads were all "full of iron" and merged into a flat line (total length 571.4 km); Taosuo Road extends to Dule and is changed to Duzi Line (377. 1 km, 1945 July, the Japanese army demolished the 22.9 km line between Ilgen and Dule, which is now the Bai 'a Line). The construction and opening of the railway has had two major impacts on the Taoer River Basin: First, the number of new immigrants along the railway has increased rapidly, and all stations along the railway have developed into towns that have begun to take shape. The grasslands along the railway were quickly reclaimed and the number of villages increased. The influence of population factors on the environment is increasing year by year. After the completion of the Pingqi line, a number of emerging towns emerged. Mainly: opening: 252.6 kilometers away from Siping. Originally Wangqidi, Zhashaktu County, Mongolia, it was opened to the Han people in the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), and the number of people gradually increased. 1905, the Qing government set up a county hall here, and built a rammed earth city wall and a north-south long street, which were then called Qijingzi. To 1935, the population is 14000. Taonan: As it is the traffic hub of Zhengjiatun, Tao An, Dalai, Kaitong, Botun (Fuyu) and Changling, there are frequent commodity economic exchanges, with an annual output of grain/kloc-0.5 million stone (500 Jin for one stone) and 6,000 horses and cattle. The resident population has also increased rapidly. By 19 13, there are15,000 people and 400 businesses in the city. After the opening of Lu Zheng, the urban construction in Taonan developed rapidly, forming an urban area with eight streets in the east and five streets in the south. The commodity economy is more prosperous, with "shops row upon row", "magnificent" brick houses and wide streets in the city. 1922, with a population of 27,000, has built expressways, opened long-distance buses to An Guang, Da Lang and other counties, and formed a transportation network extending in all directions, making it the third largest city in the northeast and west after Qiqihar and Zhengjiatun. By 1938, the urban population is 63,000. Baichengzi: It was called Tao An in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, also known as Jing 'an. It is located on the banks of Taoer River, 352.4 kilometers away from Siping. It turned out to be the right-wing flag of Horqin (it was the Duke of Zhen in the early years of the Republic of China), the flag of Zawang County in Shaketuo County. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large village was formed due to the large-scale migration of Han settlers. 1904, Jingan county, which belongs to Taonan, was established here, and 1907 was the city. 19 13 In February, the government was evacuated and observers were set up in Beilu. 1965438+It was renamed Tao Chang Road in June 2004. Soon, with the recovery of the country, the name of the county seat was renamed as Tao An (meaning Peace by the Taoer River) County. The population at that time was 2000. 1920s, the population rose to 4000. Town East (Zhenlai): 38 kilometers north of Baicheng Zi, it belongs to the prince of Horqin right-wing Qianqi in history and was called "Nangan" in ancient times. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1908), it developed from a village to a small market town with a population of 450. 19 14 City Street was built after the county was established. After the opening of the railway, the population growth accelerated and the urban economy gradually developed. 1920s The end population is 20,000. Tailai: It is 0/0/01.8km away from Baicheng, and now it is under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province. Originally, it was a nomadic tribe in Zhalaite Wang Qi, Mongolia, commonly known as Tailaixi and Tailaixi. During the reign of Xuan Tong in Qing Dynasty, the Bureau of Reclamation was set up, which was open to the Han people. In the sixth year of the Republic of China (19 17), the county government was established here. After Taoang Road was opened to traffic, it became the "most prosperous place" from Qiqihar to Taonan. There are many shops on the street, "too many merchants, mixed fish and dragons". Its export products are mainly local specialty soda, Chinese herbal medicine and potatoes. /kloc-during the 0/920s, the population of this area was 20,000. In addition, because it is located in the grassland along the Nenjiang River and has beautiful natural scenery, 1937 became a tourist city in northern Manchuria in the 1930s, with a population of 45,000. In addition, after the completion of the later Taosuo branch line, some ruins towns appeared, such as Ping 'an Town, Gegen Temple, huaiyuan town (Wulanhaote) and Suolun. By 1930, the Liaoning provincial government had ordered all counties to investigate the number of people who could accommodate reclamation in order to resettle Lu Yu refugees. It is reported that Taonan County can accommodate 20,000 people, Zhendong County can accommodate 2,500 people, and An Guang County can accommodate 2,000 people ... Other counties are said to have no land. It can be seen that the Taoer River basin was the main migration place of Guanzhong immigrants at that time, and the capacity of villages and towns increased rapidly. Second, the commercial prosperity of towns along the railway has promoted the further development of regional agriculture. The period from 13 to17 (1924-1928) after the opening of the railway was the heyday of taonan city's commercial port. At that time, there were more than 700 firms/kloc-0, with an annual gross commercial output value of10 million yuan. Industry is famous for making leather and boots. At that time, Taonan was the distribution center of agricultural and sideline products in Beiman and Ximen, "the sorghum, soybeans and livestock nearby were exported from this", and the daily necessities outside Taonan were all over the country, and the purchase and sale were booming. At that time, Taonan was the distribution center of agricultural and sideline products in Beiman and Ximen, and commodity trading was very prosperous. Every year, 654.38+100000 cows, 60000 horses, 654.38+100000 pigs and 50000 sheep are transported abroad. The grain transported abroad is sorghum 654.38+100000 mangoku, soybean 60000 mangoku and corn 654.38+100000 mangoku. Fur shipped abroad includes 7,000 horses, 654.38+/kloc-0,000 donkey skins and/kloc-0,000 weasel skins. The construction of the railway gathered a large number of refugees to participate. In order to meet the production and living needs of road builders, local aborigines and immigrants in Shanhaiguan changed their original life style of agriculture and animal husbandry and engaged in individual businesses such as catering, retail and bedding, which led to the emergence of small bazaars and commercial settlements along the railway and gradually developed into small towns. With the prosperity of railway transportation, the traditional planting structure of local farmers has changed, and cash crops to meet commercial needs have replaced traditional food crops. At the same time, the increase of local products has also promoted the development of local industries, and basic industries such as oil mills and flour mills have enriched the economic operation mode. On the other hand, with the development of railway transportation, animal husbandry has gradually flourished, and urban leather industry and meat processing industry have also developed. At the same time, with the development of railway transportation, a large number of foreign cultures have been brought in, which provides rich information and guidance for the expansion of cities and towns and the construction of infrastructure. Although the population of Taoerhe River Basin has been increasing and the business has become increasingly prosperous during this period, the water resources and environment in Taoerhe River Basin have not been destroyed on a large scale from the late Qing Dynasty to the early days of the founding of New China. The grassland outside the railway line is still in its original state, with vegetation coverage rate of over 90% and grassland biomass of more than 5 times. This phenomenon is mainly caused by three factors: first, the wasteland reclaimed in Taoer River Basin is dry land, and the utilization of surface water in agriculture is very limited because of the abundant annual precipitation and the lack of irrigation facilities. New immigrants who lack paddy field planting experience see that the original "wasteland in each Mongolian flag is extremely fertile" and the land is vast, so most people choose dry fields that are easy to manage and can be planted in a large area; Secondly, Mongolians have always been nomadic people who live on aquatic plants. They regard water as a god and never eat fish or turtles. Even if they rent land to the Han people, they never rent bubble ponds and prohibit fishing. Third, the artificially built flood control project did not play its due role, resulting in frequent floods in Taoer River. During this period, the Taoer River basin not only has abundant annual rainfall and good soil and water conservation, but also often has large-scale floods when the rainy season comes, and the residents around Taoer River suffer from floods all the year round. Floods mainly occur in summer and autumn every year, with frequent rainfall. The causes of floods are mostly due to the surge of water level in the upper reaches of Taoer River caused by heavy rainfall, the poor flood discharge in the lower reaches, and the backward flow of accumulated water attacking Taonan Fuzhi and surrounding villages. According to "Taonan County Records", "Taohe River surrounds the northeast of the county, and the communication river also runs through the middle of the county, and the downstream reaches Nenjiang River. At the turn of summer and autumn, if the river does not rise, although it is suitable for rainy days, the upstream flow is harmless and the harm is still small. For example, if the river surges, the downward flow will be unbearable and will be reversed. It is often sunny and warm as spring, and a few feet of water will be added to Taojiao River and Taojiao River. /kloc-The riverbank more than 0/00 feet high was smashed by a cross in a few days, and the fertile land along the river was spared by this patient. I have suffered for it nine times in the past twenty-five years. " As early as shortly after Taonan was not treated, the local people affected by floods began to build river embankments under the leadership of officials and gentry, and raised funds by the people. However, due to the limited manpower and material resources, the riverbanks are all temporary small dams built to protect cultivated land, and the embankment lines are curved and too close to the riverbed, so it is difficult to resist the invasion of large floods. For example, in 1928, the Taojiao River flooded, and the river flooded into Taonan County, with a water depth of 8 feet, and the farmland was completely destroyed. During the Republic of China, there were nine major floods in Taonan alone in 25 years. It can be seen that the inflow of Taoer River was very rich at that time, and it was the flood and harsh terrain that made a large area of wetlands formed in the lower reaches of Taoer River Basin, with 3,986.03 hm (2) of wetlands in Baicheng alone. In normal years, the average depth of Taoer River can reach five or six feet. Abundant rivers and wetlands have effectively maintained the overall good water resources environment in the Taoer River Basin and provided abundant water resources for the sustainable development of local agriculture, industry and commerce.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the regional economy of this basin has undergone many changes. By the beginning of the 20th century, most areas belonged to Xing 'an League in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Baicheng City in Jilin Province. Xing 'an League is the birthplace of the government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the first ethnic autonomous regime in New China, and the earliest place in China to implement the policy of regional ethnic autonomy. It has many revolutionary sites, such as "May 1st Meeting Site", "Ulanhu Office" and "National Liberation Memorial Hall". The minority population accounts for 47%, of which the Mongolian population accounts for 42. 1%, which is a region with a high proportion of Mongolian population in China. 1980, Xing 'an League resumed its organizational system, and now governs two cities (Wulanhaote City and Aershan City), three banners (Horqin Right Front Banner and Zhalaite Banner) and one county (Tuquan County). Among them, Arxan City and Keyouqianqi are border flag cities, and Ulanhot City is the seat of the administrative office of the Union Commission.

The territory is a temperate semi-arid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. The frost-free period is 95- 145 days, and most areas are 1 10- 130 days. The average annual precipitation is 400-450 mm, with the same period of rain and heat, which is suitable for the growth of crops in one season. Sunshine in most areas is between 2800-3 100 hours, and the accumulated temperature above 10℃ in central and southern areas is between 2200-3 100℃. From north to south, temperature, accumulated temperature, light and frost-free period increase, while precipitation and relative humidity decrease. Water resources are abundant. There are more than 200 rivers and 25 reservoirs, with a total storage capacity of 65.438+0.9 billion cubic meters and a total water resource of 5 billion cubic meters, ranking second in the autonomous region. It is the "leader" in Northeast China and has the unique advantages of combining water with coal and developing new coal chemical industry and new energy. Located at the source of Nenjiang River, Songhua River Basin and Horqin Sandy Land, it is an important part of the beautiful forest in Daxing 'anling. Grassland area is 39 million mu, forest area is 24 million mu, and desertification land is 20 million mu. It has great ecological service value and carbon sink function potential, and is an important ecological function area and ecological service area in Northeast China. There are 10 nature reserves at all levels, with a total area of10.00 million mu. In particular, Aershan area is a national geological park and a national forest park, with natural landscapes such as hot springs, wetlands, volcanoes, ice and snow, forests and grasslands. It is a typical ecological civilization experience area. Conditions for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry are good. The average annual precipitation is 400-450 mm, with rain and heat in the same period and four distinct seasons. It is recognized as the "corn gold planting belt" and "the best cattle raising belt" in the world. Cultivated land area120,000 mu, the annual grain output is stable at more than 5 billion Jin, and there are 8.2 million livestock. Located in the core area of Daxinganling metallogenic belt, it is dominated by non-ferrous metal resources, and its underground resources include lead, zinc, copper, magnesium and iron. Within the economic transportation radius, the surrounding Mongolia and Hulunbeier, Xilingol, Tongliao and other places form a coal resource enrichment circle.

Baicheng city is located in the plain area at the eastern foot of Daxing 'anling Mountains, which belongs to temperate continental monsoon climate. Except for the short-term influence of the ocean monsoon in midsummer, the precipitation system comes from the westerlies for most of the year. The special geographical environment has formed the local climate characteristics of "abundant sunshine, large precipitation variability and less drought and flood". Baicheng is rich in natural resources. The per capita area of cultivated land, grassland, suitable forest land, water surface and reed ranks first in the province. There are seven kinds of mineral resources that have been developed and utilized in Baicheng city, such as oil, natural gas, coal, mineral water, building sand, stone and clay. The industrial structure of Baicheng is mainly forestry, animal husbandry, rice, mung bean, sunflower, castor, pepper, dairy cattle, beef cattle and meat and poultry. Initially, a forest processing, seedling production, forest cultivation, special tourism and aquaculture based on wetlands and grasslands, Chinese herbal medicine cultivation based on undergrowth economy, and economic forest industry based on shrubs and fruits have been formed. The industrial layout tends to be reasonable and the scale continues to increase. Baicheng city is located in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas. Animal husbandry is an important traditional livelihood industry in our city, which plays an important role in promoting economic growth, ensuring the quality of life of urban and rural residents, promoting farmers' income and getting rich, and supporting food security at a higher level. The rice planting area in the city is 6.5438+0.9 million mu. With the advancement of land consolidation project and the implementation of the "three irrigation areas" project, the area will reach 3 million mu, and the whole city will develop into the largest rice industry in the province. Baicheng has a good ecological environment and excellent forage quality, so the quality of milk is extremely high. The total number of dairy cows in the city is1850,000, and the annual output of fresh milk is 350,000 tons, accounting for 0.99% of the national and provincial annual output respectively.