Learning to test historical knowledge points: the evolution of China's mainstream thought of traditional culture; The main representatives of a hundred schools of thought contend: Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi of Confucianism; Mozi of Mohism; Han Feizi of Legalism, etc.
Confucius' point of view: the core of thought is benevolence; The ruler wants it? Governing the country by virtue? Educational advocate? Don't teach in class .
Mencius' point of view: release Confucius? Ren? Develop into a more systematic? Ren? Thought; Further put forward? The people are noble and the monarch is light? ; Advocate? Naturally good? .
Xunzi's point of view: advocate the use of rulers in administration? Renyi? And then what? King? , put forward? Zhou junmin water? ; Advocate? Inherent bad habits? . Compared with Confucius and Mencius, it has increased the content of the rule of law.
Confucianism became orthodox in Han dynasty;
In the Western Han Dynasty, Liang Wudi accepted Dong Zhongshu's proposition:? Spring and autumn reunification? 、? To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? 、? Three cardinal guides and five permanent members?
In order to promote Confucianism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up imperial academy in Chang 'an. Since then, Confucianism has become the orthodox thought respected by rulers of past dynasties, and has gradually become the mainstream thought of China's traditional culture.
Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties:
Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu, master of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. His point of view: Heaven takes the Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Permanent Principles as moral norms, emphasizing? Defend justice and destroy human desire? . His Notes on Four Books and Chapters became the textbook on which the imperial examination was based in later generations.
? Weird? Li Zhi, call yourself? Heresy? Challenge the orthodox position of Confucius and his Confucianism. To some extent, his thoughts reflect the requirements of the embryonic period of capitalism.
Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, shared the same view: opposing absolute monarchy, attaching importance to the development of handicrafts and commerce, and critically inheriting traditional Confucianism, which made our traditional culture glow with new vitality.
How does Huang Zongxi view absolute monarchy? Great harm in the world? ; Gu Xiang proposed? People who protect the world are mean to everyone. What are their responsibilities? (everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world), still advocate? Practical use? , the author of "The Book of Diseases in Counties and Countries in the World"; Wang Fuzhi's materialism has inspired modern people's thinking methods.
Learn to test historical knowledge points: the origin and development of western humanistic spirit: the school of the wise: what does ProTegla think? Man is the measure of everything? .
Socrates: Thinking? A thoughtful person is the standard to measure everything? , put forward? Virtue is knowledge? And education can make people realize their existing virtues.
The core of the Renaissance is humanism, which requires the affirmation of human values and dignity. Its essence is: bourgeois anti-feudal ideological emancipation movement.
The Renaissance began in Italy, first manifested in the fields of literature and art ... Renaissance? Three literary heroes? Boccaccio, short story collection decameron; Dante's long poem The Divine Comedy; Petrarch's masterpiece "songji" is known as? The father of humanism? .
Martin of Germany? Luther published it? 95 papers? , kicked off the religious reform. Main points: ① As long as there is sincere belief, the soul can be saved; ② Every Christian has the right to read and interpret the Bible directly. Influence: Humanism has been further developed.
What is the core of the Enlightenment? Rational? .
France: (Leader) Voltaire? Constitutional monarchy, natural human rights, equality before the law.
Montesquieu? The separation of the three powers and the law can't go against human reason, which lays the theoretical foundation of the bourgeoisie on the state and law.
Rousseau? The root of natural human rights, people's sovereignty, social contract and human inequality is private property ownership.
The Enlightenment reached its peak in France and then spread to other countries.
The progressive significance of enlightenment thought: ① the second ideological emancipation movement of the bourgeoisie against feudalism impacted the feudal autocracy in Europe; (2) The French Revolution broke out and established bourgeois rule; (3) Inspired the struggle of colonial and semi-colonial people for national independence.
Learn and test historical knowledge points: China's four great inventions of ancient science and technology, literature and art: papermaking, compass, gunpowder and movable type printing.
Papermaking promoted the development of European culture; Gunpowder promoted the development of gunpowder weapons in Europe and made the knight class decline day by day; Compass contributed to the opening of new routes and ushered in the era of geographical discovery; Printing promoted the Renaissance and religious reform, and promoted ideological emancipation and social progress.
The first collection of poems in the Spring and Autumn Period was The Book of Songs, which laid a fine tradition of realism in China's classical literature and was regarded as a Confucian classic by later generations.
During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan of Chu created? Chu ci? Body, also known as? Sao style? . Li Sao, his masterpiece, is the longest lyric poem in ancient China, with a romantic style.
A popular literary genre in the Han dynasty, called? Fu? . Erjing Fu, the representative work of Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the representative work of Han Fu.
The development of Tang poetry entered a golden age. The great romantic poet Li Bai was called by later generations? Poet fairy? , the representative works are "Early Sending Baidicheng" and so on. Du Fu, another great realistic poet, was called by later generations? Poet saint? , on behalf of the works? Three officials? 、? Say goodbye?
Ci is the mainstream form of literature in Song Dynasty. Famous poets include graceful Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao, unrestrained Su Shi and Xin Qiji. ? Since ancient times, sentimental hurts parting? From Liu Yong's Lin Yuling? Flowers floating in the water? Author Li Qingzhao. Su Shi is the pioneer of the uninhibited school, and Xin Qiji's works express his ambition and grief and indignation in restoring the Central Plains.
In the Yuan Dynasty, there was Yuan Qu. Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and others have the highest creative achievements.
China's novels rose in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Short stories in the Tang Dynasty are called legends. The art of storytelling prevailed in the Song Dynasty, and many scripts were compiled for storytellers. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, novels entered a stage of vigorous development. Among many works, four novels (four classical novels) such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Dream of Red Mansions are the most famous. In addition, China's collection of classical short stories "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio" and satirical novel "The Scholars" are also well-known masterpieces.
Chinese characters: originated from pictures and formed a complete system in Shang Dynasty. Evolution: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, (Bronze Inscription), Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan, Li Shu, Kai Shu.
Regular script in Wei and Jin Dynasties played a decisive role, and Wang Xizhi made the greatest contribution. The regular script of Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan in Tang Dynasty has its own characteristics.
Cursive script has aesthetic value, such as Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su in the Tang Dynasty, etc. Are great cursive writers.
What is Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting? The best running script in the world? The reputation of. The running scripts of Yan Zhenqing in Tang Dynasty, Su Shi in Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Meng in Yuan Dynasty and Wen Zhiming in Ming Dynasty are also loved by the world.