Strictly speaking, there was no special police system in ancient China. There is no difference between local administration and justice. The chief executive of a county is responsible for social security and judicial trial, but there are people in the office of the county government who are similar to modern police. They are responsible for maintaining public order and arresting criminals. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that China had a truly modern police system.
The image of western police first appeared in China, and it was in the concession. After that, China began to gradually accept the western police thought.
When was the modern police in China born? In chronological order, the Security Bureau founded in Changsha, Hunan Province should be the first.
1897, Huang Zunxian, the provincial judge of Hunan Province, proposed to Chen Baozhen, the governor who implemented the New Deal, that the current Baojia system could not support the situation of social stability and suggested the establishment of Hunan Security Bureau. Since then, Huang's draft charter of the Security Bureau has been published in Hunan Daily, soliciting opinions from all walks of life, which has been strongly praised by reformists and endorsed by enlightened officials and gentry.
1July 27th, 898 (the ninth day of Guangxu June 24th), Hunan Security Bureau was formally established. Its organization is completely modeled after western and Japanese police agencies, but because it is jointly organized by officials and gentry, the personnel quality is far from that of western police.
Due to the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Chen Baozhen, the governor of Hunan Province who actively promoted the new law, was dismissed. Hunan Security Bureau, which was born only three months ago, was forced to cancel and changed its name to Jiabao Bureau with the failure of political reform. It should be said that Hunan Security Bureau is the predecessor of China police and the first one in the modern police history of China.
190 1 year, after Eight-Nation Alliance captured Tianjin and Beijing, the Qing government signed a semi-ugly treaty, which humiliated the country. Western powers want to intervene in China affairs at any time and get compensation for land cession. According to the treaty, after Eight-Nation Alliance was returned to Tianjin, the Qing government was not allowed to station troops within 20 kilometers of Tianjin Concession. This provision actually deprived the Qing government of its possession of the whole city of Tianjin. Tianjin is the gateway to Beijing. If China's troops can't enter Tianjin, the western powers can come to Beijing at any time and threaten the Qing government. This is a reality that the Qing government did not want to see. At the same time, none of the civil and military officials of the Manchu government dared to take over Tianjin, Eight-Nation Alliance.
Later, the Qing government handed this thorny issue to Yuan Shikai, who made great contributions to suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in Shandong. Yuan Shikai trained the new army of the Qing government and had a certain understanding of the western military and police system. Therefore, before Yuan took over Tianjin, he selected 3,000 soldiers from his own army for short-term police training to familiarize them with police functions, and then took off his military uniform and put on his police uniform, which he called "China Police". When Yuan Shikai received it, he ordered local officials to lead 3,000 police chiefs to March into Tianjin, maintaining social order on the one hand and keeping military alert on the other. History shows that Eight-Nation Alliance was speechless at that time, because Yuan Shikai sent not troops, but China police to maintain public order, which did not conflict with the provisions of the treaty.
Due to the special police to maintain social order, Tianjin's social security has swept away the chaotic situation in the past and become the highest in all provinces in China. "West Renye Fang was surprised that there were no thieves for six months." So Empress Dowager Cixi issued a decree asking all parts of the country to follow Yuan Shikai's example and establish a police system, so that the police system was gradually popularized.
The establishment of local police system eventually led to the establishment of national police system. 1on June 8, 905, the Qing government set up a patrol inspection department to take charge of national police affairs. The minister of inspection department (equivalent to the current minister) is Yuan Shikai's close friend Xu Shichang, and the assistant minister of inspection department (equivalent to the current deputy minister) is Yuan Shikai's old subordinate Zhao Bingjun. This is the origin of modern police system in China.
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