1 Social conditions in Jiangnan at that time in the early Qing Dynasty
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jiangnan region suffered a large-scale war. In the process of Qing soldiers going south, the resistance activities in various parts of the south of the Yangtze River intensified, causing particularly serious damage. ? See you on the other side. Trouble everywhere? ; ? In the alleys of poor villages, all of them are bare, and all of them are self-employed berms. . After the war, many once prosperous towns became devastated.
For example, after the Qing soldiers captured Jiading city, all the killings, every household, small streets and alleys, were poor people? ,? More than 20,000 people died inside and outside the city? ,? Zombies all over the road; Hunger and disease are widespread in Qing Wu, Tongxiang County, Jiaxing region. Four dollars for cooking, and people eat people? ,? Ten rooms and nine vacant rooms? . Therefore, in the early Qing Dynasty, Jiangnan should be full of sorrow, and all aspects of life were not optimistic. Scholars in Jiangnan should go to other areas to find a way to survive.
2 The mentality changes of Jiangnan scholars at that time.
Wang Yang, a feudal commodity economy in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties, once reached the historical peak of economic development in the south of the Yangtze River, but at the same time it also strongly impacted the feudal ruling system, making it almost hopeless. This left an indelible mark on the psychology of Jiangnan elite. Although the initial wave of psychological crisis has been overcome, the psychology of this group has undergone complex multi-dimensional and multi-level changes: some abandoned their jobs to go to sea for business, some made a living, some were reduced to other ways, and some still relied on the imperial examination to enter the official position.
The change of mentality contains profound historical significance: on the one hand, the yearning for interests will inevitably lead to the decline of morale, on the other hand, it will also promote the self-independence consciousness of Jiangnan scholars and weaken their dependence and absolute dependence on the imperial examination system.
3 Qing government policies on the impact at that time
After the Qing government controlled Jiangnan and other places, in order to block the contact between coastal residents and anti-Qing armed forces, it implemented a large-scale policy of moving to the sea, destroyed battlements and burned houses, which led to the desolation and ruin of the once densely populated and economically prosperous land in Jiangnan and forced the people to move to other places. On the other hand, the Qing government adopted the policy of paying attention to business, which made the vast number of businesses not only have? The pain of loss? Another one? Does Guan Jin levy hardships? And there is an unwritten rule that the customs and Tianjin tax collectors treat passing businessmen and tourists? Do what you want? That businessman? Not suffering from vulgarity, suffering from vulgarity; Don't suffer from taxes, suffer from taxes other than taxes? These policies not only dealt a heavy blow to the economy of Jiangnan, but also made the life of Jiangnan people miserable. If people want to leave here, they will naturally go north to Tianjin.
At the same time, the Qing government strictly enforced the sea ban, forbidding businessmen in coastal areas to go to sea for trade. Parts are not allowed to enter the water, and grain and goods are not allowed to cross the border? . It is stipulated that anyone who violates the regulations, regardless of the official position, will be beheaded and all the property will be handed over to the informant; All local officials were dismissed and severely punished; The local garbo people will be executed if they don't report it first. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, maritime trade and marine fishery have always been an important part of the economy in the coastal areas of the south of the Yangtze River. The Qing government's policy of banning the sea caused war and? Move to the seaside? The destruction of Jiangnan is even worse, and social development is seriously hindered.
The attitude of the Qing government towards the scholars in the south of the Yangtze River at that time.
In fact, in the Ming Dynasty, we can clearly see the cultural differences between the north and the south, and the impact of these differences has been clearly reflected and displayed in the imperial examination system, that is, most of the children recruited in the imperial examination came from Jiangnan, while many students in the northern region became famous in Sun Shan.
In order to narrow this gap, the development of various regions is in a relatively balanced state. Finally, the imperial examination system was changed and the "North-South Examination System" for recruiting scholars from different regions was introduced. In order to take care of students taking exams in the north, not only the North-South paper system was implemented, but also the admission quota was changed.
The establishment of almost every dynasty was accompanied by a bloody battle. The winner was the king and the loser was the enemy, so was the Qing Dynasty. In the early days of the establishment of the dynasty, the dynasty was not completely stable and the people's hearts were not completely unified. However, Jiangnan's anti-Qing and regaining sight thought is more common than others, and all kinds of struggles are constant. Therefore, in order to firmly consolidate the political power and stabilize the court at an early date, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty implemented a series of measures to suppress Jiangnan.
Investigating the cases of Tonghai, Wailing Temple, theatrical productions and literary prisons that occurred in the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing government adopted two different trial methods for the north and the south, which promoted the formation of a political environment in which the north was loose and the south was tight. So many scholars from the south of the Yangtze River went to Tianjin. However, in the Kangxi and Qianlong dynasties, the subjects of erudition and poetry were offered twice, which attracted a large number of scholars to take exams in the north.
At that time, the social situation in Tianjin was like this.
In the early years of the Qing dynasty, the Qing government took measures that were beneficial to the development of industry and commerce, such as making businessmen one of the four citizens, changing their social status, stopping local officials from extorting businessmen's interests at will, and stopping? Craftsman? The implementation of this system can increase and promote the manufacture, transportation and sales of commodities, so that smuggled salt can be processed, transported and sold within a certain range. It is agreed that grain carriers can recruit shippers and their goods, and then cancel them after the reunification of Taiwan Province Province? Sea ban? The policy is conducive to maritime trade.
This revived Tianjin's commerce, which had risen as early as the Ming Dynasty. The prosperity of Haihe traffic, especially the development of maritime traffic brought about by the cancellation of the sea ban, has injected new vitality into Tianjin's commerce with the development of river and sea traffic, which has enabled Tianjin to continuously achieve new development. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, Tianjin's commerce was further prosperous, and Tianjin became an important commercial center city connecting the inland and coastal economies, playing an increasingly important role in promoting the development of social economy, especially commodity economy.
Tianjin was the central hub of grain transportation in Yuan Dynasty, and the salt industry in Tianjin was also very developed, which made the population of Tianjin increase continuously, the economy began to prosper, and the rivers, seas and Tianjin were further strengthened.
In order to adapt to the change of the situation, the government's management organization, the Yamen of the Salt Transport Mission, also moved from Cangzhou to Tianjin in the early Qing Dynasty. Most of the sales of changlu salt were contracted by the government to hereditary salt merchants, so a group of very rich salt merchants appeared in Tianjin in the Qing Dynasty. For example, Cha Rigan, a big salt merchant during the Qianlong period, built a beautiful and elegant Shuixi Village on the north bank of the southwest canal in Tianjin, and devoted himself to attracting famous literati, poetry and painting.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tianjin's economic development became more and more prosperous, its city status became more and more important, and its officials increased. With the management of salt affairs, shipping and grain, the number of local rich families is increasing day by day, and rickshaw transportation is countless. The wharves along the river in the east and north of Tianjin have developed into bustling commercial areas, with the famous Gongnan Street and Gongbei Street, as well as Yuyi Street, Guodian Street, Zhen Shi Street, Chadiankou, Fish Market, Meat Market, Zhugan Lane and Foreign Goods Street, all of which are very lively markets. There are endless boats in the river, endless chariots and horses on the shore, and dense businesses on the street, so Tianjin was praised by poets at that time? Little Yangzhou? And then what? Jibei is the first prosperous city? .
Based on the above, we can clearly feel the social conditions of Tianjin and Jiangnan at that time, which formed a sharp contrast: one was that the people with prosperous economy lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the other was that the economic development was hindered by the economic downturn.
Summary:
At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the social situation in Jiangnan, the psychological changes of Jiangnan scholars and the improper policies and behaviors of the Qing government led Jiangnan scholars to go north to Tianjin to seek better development. Looking at the reasons why Jiangnan talents went north to Tianjin, it is not difficult to find that most of these talents want to display their talents, and they can't bear their own efforts or the ardent expectations of their families. They also have a desire to make contributions and realize their ideals and ambitions, so they go to Tianjin one after another. This is similar to the reason why we modern people go to Beishangguang. At the same time, we should also thank the fair, harmonious and beautiful times we live in now.