Musical instrument tone: c key.
Application clef: treble clef, no shift notation.
Scope of application: a group of small characters c- a group of small characters C.
Structure: pipe body (including blowing joint, main joint and tail joint) and key system.
Material: common type: seamless nickel-silver tube, professional type: hard real silver.
Musical instrument features: fresh and thorough, cold timbre. The high notes are lively and bright, and the low notes are beautiful and pleasing to the ear, which are widely used in orchestras and military bands.
Flute has been circulated for centuries, and its history can even be traced back to ancient Egypt, when it was just a perforated clay tube. By Haydn's time (1732- 1809), flute had become a fixed instrument in the symphony orchestra. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, with the invention of the key device by theobald Bohm (later used for clarinet, oboe and bassoon, etc. ), the flute is finalized.
Flute has a soft and clear tone and a wide range: the tenor is as clear as the first sunshine in the morning; The bass area is as elegant as the cold moonlight; Moreover, he is good at coloratura and his playing skills are gorgeous and diverse. He often plays the main theme in the symphony orchestra and is an important solo instrument.
There are many kinds of flutes, except ordinary flutes in C-flat and E-flat, alto flutes in G-flat and bass flutes in C-flat, but they are rarely used.
Blow a hole to make the instrument sound. Woodwind instruments widely used in modern orchestras, sometimes used for military music, often used for solo and ensemble. Its family includes piccolo, tenor flute, alto flute and bass flute. Bohm-style standard flute in C key is its representative. The flute was first introduced to Europe from Asia in the12nd century. It looks like China flute (a kind of stuffy flute without membrane). For about 600 years, it has been continuously improved before it became a modern flute. In the Middle Ages, the early keyless flute was mainly used for military music. Since the middle of17th century, it has been used as an important instrument for operas and court bands. The first major improvement of flute was completed by J. Ottel, a French woodwind instrument manufacturer, and his family in the late17th century. more importantly,
T. Bohm of Munich carried out a fundamental reform in the early 1930s in 19.
Structure and pronunciation principle The flute is a wooden or metal tubular body with a total length of 62 cm. The flute head is closed, the plug head is about 5 cm away from the pipe end, and the flute tail is open. In order to be easy to carry and adjust, it consists of 2 or 3 sections. The tank body is a cylinder with an inner diameter of 1.9 cm, and the inner diameter gradually tapers to 1.75438+0 cm from the joint with the tank body to the plug. Take the distance from the plug 1.7 cm as the center, open an oval air hole, cover it with the air hole cover, open the same oval hole, and connect it with the air hole, so that the cover surface forms an acute angle with the hole wall, and the air flow impacts this edge, which excites the edge to make sound. The pipe wall is opened with several key holes, and the fingertips will be used to control the opening and closing of the sound keys, thus changing the length of the air hole and generating different pitches.
The range of the ancient six-hole flute was only over two octaves. After repeated improvement,/kloc-0 was D 1 ~ A3 at the beginning of the 9th century, and the chromatic scale was complete. Bohm flute is extended to C 1 ~ D4. Modern composers have higher requirements, flute making is becoming more and more sophisticated, fingering is innovated repeatedly, professional flute tail is lengthened, and it can be played down to B note, which is related to playing overtones such as # F4. Therefore, the current range is extended to B ~ # F4 and * * * 44 semitones.
The bass area B ~ # C2 is rich and mellow, but its penetration is poor. The timbre of alto D2 ~ # C3 is clear and smooth; High-pitched areas D3 ~ B3 have bright timbre and strong penetration; The ultra-high-pitched region C4 ~ # F4 has sharp and exciting timbre and strong penetrating power. Modern works are sometimes played in a staccato way to show special effects.
When playing the flute with both hands, you can sit up or down. You can use the mixed breathing method of chest and abdomen to form a certain basic mouth shape. The airflow is concentrated at the acute angle of 75 degrees formed by the cap and the hole wall. Its special skills are: ① overtone: blowing octave or 12 degree or 15 degree with a relaxed mouth to produce a voiceless effect similar to a stringed instrument; (2) Sliding sound: fingers gradually slide on the keyhole to achieve the effect of sliding up and down; ③ Humming at the same time: humming while playing flute; (4) Simulated percussion: the sound effect of simulated percussion can be produced by tapping the keys quickly and making a "click" sound in the mouth; ⑤ Whistling method: the mouth contains all the blowholes, and it blows a lot quickly, and moves the fingers quickly according to the music score to produce a whistling effect; ⑥ Simulate a brass instrument: Keep your lips close to the mouthpiece and open a small hole to blow, which sounds like a trumpet. All the above playing methods can achieve special effects and are often widely used in avantgarde music.
Flute is a high-pitched instrument in the woodwind group of the orchestra, with beautiful timbre, wide range, diverse playing methods and rich expressive force, and strong affinity with string, woodwind and brass instruments. Generally speaking, symphony orchestras should use at least three piccolo, and the third piccolo and alto flute are used for larger bands. As a solo instrument, flute can be played without accompaniment, such as J.S. Bach's sonata in A minor. There are also many solos and concertos accompanied by piano, harp, guitar or band. In chamber music, flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon become wind quartet; Add a trumpet to form a wind quintet. In addition, there are various combinations, such as three flute quartets written by W.A. Mozart, with
Flute replaces 1 violin and consists of small, medium and cello. There are also many flute combinations in this family. In modern works, piccolo, high, medium and low flutes are combined with flute quintets, sextets and decathlons.
Great composers of all ages have composed flute music, such as Bach's six sonatas, three Brandenburg concertos and suite in B minor. L.van Beethoven's sonata in b major; Mozart's three concertos; A. Vivaldi's 13 concertos; G.P. Teleman's 12 fantasy; Seven sonatas by g.f. del; Haydn's concerto and three sonatas.
The flute repertoire of China composers mainly includes Meditation by Lu Ting, Sonata Morning by Tian Paul and Song of Tianshan Mountain by Huang Huwei.
The flute family is piccolo, a commonly used small flute. The length of the pipe is only half that of the flute, which is mostly used by the third flute player of the symphony orchestra. Bikro is
C key, range D2 ~ C5. The notation is the same as flute, but the actual pronunciation is eight degrees higher, which is the highest instrument among all wind instruments. The timbre is sharp, bright and penetrating. On the orchestration, no matter how big the band is, it is enough to expand the range and increase the depth ability. Especially important for brass bands. Often used in jubilant and warm scenes. In the victorious March of the last movement of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, it is used to increase the spirit of holding one's head high and going forward bravely. In the fourth movement of his Sixth Symphony, piccolo is used to describe the scene of lightning and thunder. □. п. In the symphonic poem "Night on a Barren Mountain", Musorgskiy used it to describe the gloomy and mournful cry of demons dancing around.
Solos for piccolo include four concertos by Vivaldi.
Alto flute, 1854 G flute for Bohm. The basic modeling is to enlarge and lengthen the flute in C key, and the fingering remains unchanged. G flute has a length of 82.75cm, an inner diameter of 2.6cm and a range of G ~ C3. The pronunciation is rich and round, loud and powerful, consistent from pp to ff, and sounds like a trumpet. It plays an important role in chamber music, ensemble and symphony.
Bass flute, in C key, is an octave lower than the standard flute. The pipe at the lower end of the flute head turned two bends and went straight down. In modern works, it plays an increasingly important role, especially in flute ensemble, which can make the timbre seamless, comparable to string ensemble.
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The English name of Piano is Piano, which is short for pianoforte.
Its mechanical devices are: keyboard, racket, hammer, damper, strings and pedal. The keyboard of modern piano reaches seven octaves, and the highest note is A; There are still three degrees, and the highest note is C (key C(88). The piano was first used as a solo instrument in a performance by J.C. in England in 1768. Modern pianos are mainly divided into upright pianos and grand piano due to their different shapes and volumes. The grand piano used in the concert hall is a huge instrument, 9 feet long and weighing 79 tons. Up to now, the most expensive piano is a Steinway grand piano produced by 1888, and 1980 was sold in new york at a high price of 1800. Piano has always been loved by composers because of its unique timbre and full range of 88 keys. It plays an important role in almost all forms of music, such as pop music, rock music, jazz music and classical music.
Upright piano is cheap and occupies a small space, so it has become the purchase target of enthusiasts. Grand piano is used for large-scale performances or professionals. Upright piano adopted the design scheme of staggered strings, which effectively saved the height and thickness. Before that, the height of upright piano was 2.4 meters. Now it is only 1-2 meters high. The grand piano is 2.7 meters long. Application clef: treble part: treble clef, fixed-tone notation; Bass part: bass clef, fixed-tone notation. Structure: Consists of a string array, a soundboard, a bracket, a keyboard system (including a black and white keys and a percussion pestle), a pedal mechanism (including a push rod and a pedal) and a shell. Materials used: chord array: high and medium-grade steel wire for chord; Bass strings are made of steel wire and copper wire. Sound board: wooden structure. Wood requires soft texture, elasticity and easy vibration transmission, and white pine or phoenix tree is the best. Brackets: including cast iron brackets and wooden brackets. Keyboard system: black and white keys is made of ivory or bakelite; Stereos are usually made of wood. Pedal machinery: metal structure. Shell: painted wooden structure. Musical instrument features: wide range, large volume, rich timbre changes, able to express all kinds of musical emotions, either rigid or soft, or urgent or slow; The treble is crisp, the midrange is full and the bass is strong, which can imitate the effect of the whole symphony orchestra, so it is known as the "king of musical instruments".
Piano history
Piano forte or forte Piano, abbreviated as Piano, is a keyboard instrument, which uses the keys to pull the hammer and beat the strings. Since the end of18th century, the piano has been the most important keyboard instrument in Europe and America. Piano originated in Europe. /kloc-At the end of 0/7th century, an Italian named Barto Lomeo Christofi invented a keyboard instrument similar to the modern piano. It has a history of more than 300 years.
The origin of piano
"In all musical instruments, the piano is the most like a machine. It's just a machine, a machine operated by human hands. Its appearance is not elegant at all, so artists seldom let it be painted. However, man-machine combination, man-machine encounter, it suddenly became well informed! Playing Beethoven is like a philosopher's meditation; Play Chopin, like a poem; Play with Debussy as a painting. It has the functions of poet, painter, philosopher and agitator. Nietzsche, Tolstoy and Adorno all liked it and played it. Of course, there is no reason. " "Think about it, there is no piano in the world, and we won't have more than 20 Mozart's piano concertos; There would be no Beethoven sonata; There is no piano music by Chopin; Debussy's' Piano Painting' will not be awarded. How desolate and lonely the world will be! " Mr. Xin Fengnian's exposition in Three Hundred Years of Piano Culture not only brilliantly reveals the face, connotation and spirit of the piano, but also reveals the indispensable social function of the piano.
The reason why the piano has become the "king" in the musical instrument family is endowed by the development of human spiritual civilization and scientific and technological civilization. The appearance of piano as a musical instrument is the demand of human social life, and the development of piano reflects the continuous development of human social spiritual life from one side. As a material basis, piano provides conditions for musicians' creation, and the piano culture created and developed by musicians promotes the further maturity of piano structure and function. From this we can say that piano is an inseparable part of piano culture, and it is necessary for a musician to understand piano culture. It is generally believed that the piano has a history of nearly 300 years, which is the predecessor of the modern piano created by Italian piano master B Christofory in 1709. In the next 200 years, it was constantly improved and perfected, becoming the modern piano we see today. But the whole evolution of the piano can be traced back to more than 600 years ago, that is, before the appearance of modern piano, the piano has existed for more than 300 years. We call the piano at this stage the clavichord. The predecessor of modern piano is only the development and leap of the quality of 1709 ancient piano. Without the accumulation of "quantity" in the development of guqin, there would be no "qualitative" leap of 1709 guqin.
The origin of piano can be traced back to the stringed instruments of ancient Egypt and Greece. Strings of stringed instruments are increasing, and multi-stringed instruments are gradually formed. In addition, multi-stringed instruments have evolved into two forms of musical instruments. One is a multi-stringed instrument, which produces sound by plucking the strings with your fingers. Then it is combined with the keyboard to form a plucked clavichord. The other is an ancient piano, where fingers touch the keys and a mallet is installed at the end of the keys to strike the strings. These two musical instruments are the ancestors of modern piano, so they are collectively called guqin.