Historically, tsarist Russia has never stopped its ambition and action to find a seaport in the East.
1896 When the last Russian czar Nicholas II was crowned, the Qing government sent Li Hongzhang to celebrate. Nicholas II had a secret talk with Li Hongzhang and signed the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty in Moscow.
According to the secret agreement, under the pretext of helping China resist Japanese aggression, Russian warships have the right to sail into any port in China; Russia has obtained the right to build railways in Heilongjiang and Jilin.
1August, 898, the railway officially started, with Harbin as the center, divided into three lines: east, west and south, and the six endpoints began to face each other at the same time. On July 1903 and 14, the whole line was completed and opened to traffic. It is called Dong Qing Railway, with a total length of about 2,500 kilometers and a gauge of 1524 mm, made in Russia.
Finally, Tsar Nicholas II has a plan to invade China, that is, draw a straight line from Chageli Peak in Xinjiang on the Sino-Russian border to Vladivostok, and all the land north of the line will be allocated to Russia. This is the infamous "Yellow Russia Plan".
The construction of the Dong Qing Railway is also a part of the "Yellow Russia Plan". Before the construction of Dong Qing Railway, Russia took away about 654.38+500,000 square kilometers of land in China through several unequal treaties.
1900, the Boxer Rebellion rose in Northeast China. Tsar Nicholas II thought it was time to occupy the Northeast, so he sent troops to the Northeast under the pretext of helping to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, and gradually occupied the whole east and west in the military action to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.
In order to prevent Russia from annexing China, Britain and America encouraged Japan to go to war with Russia. With the support of Britain and the United States, Japan officially broke off diplomatic relations with Russia on February 6 1904, and declared war on the night of February 8.
Since then, the Russo-Japanese War broke out. Northeast China became the battlefield of land confrontation between Japan and Russia. At that time, the late Qing government declared neutrality and set aside land for the invaders to fight on their own land. People in Northeast China have suffered great disasters, and their lives and property have suffered unprecedented catastrophe.
The Japanese army gained the upper hand in the war, and the United States intervened to stop the Russians from going south. On August 1905, representatives of Japan and Russia held talks in Portsmouth.
The Japanese side demanded to divide the Dong Qing Railway with Harbin as the boundary, while the Russian side insisted on Kuanchengzi (now Changchun) as the demarcation point. Finally, on June 1907, Russia retained the ownership of Kuanchengzi Railway Station at the cost of 560,000 rubles. The two sides agreed to take Kuanchengzi as the railway distinguishing point between the two countries-Kuanchengzi belongs to Russia in the north and Japan in the south.
At this point, the railway south of Kuanchengzi Station was renamed Nanman Railway. Japan and Russia carved up the northeast of China, and Russia's "Yellow Russia" plan failed because of this war, while Japan had a foothold in the northeast of China.
In order to meet the needs of management, Japan imitated Britain's practice of establishing the East India Company, and South Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Manchuria Railway) was formally established in Tokyo on1October 26th.
Because it replaced the government to manage colonial areas, Manchuria Railway was also called "colonial society". On March 5, 1907, according to the imperial decree. Emperor 182, Manchuria moved its headquarters from Tokyo to the former office building of the Civil Affairs Department of Kanto Prefecture in Eryu Town, Dalian (now Tuanjie Street), and Tokyo was changed into a branch.
On April 1907 and 1 day, the "Manchuria Railway" was officially opened, with investigation departments, general affairs departments, transportation departments, mining departments and local departments. At this point, "Manchuria Railway", an important institution that influenced the modern history of northeast China and even China, officially entered the historical stage.
Since its establishment, Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. has continuously improved the construction of Nanman Railway Line and built a series of new railway branches to completely connect the Korean Peninsula with the railways in Siberia.
At the same time, Manzhouli Railway also established Manzhouli Aviation Association to undertake international aviation business from Manzhouli to Japan and North Korea, and has its own freight station in Dalian.
Dalian was planned and designed by the Russians, but the Russian construction was interrupted by the Russo-Japanese War and was occupied by Japan after the war. So there are many styles of historical buildings in Dalian.
There are two theories about the origin of Dalian's name. One is a name from Russia. Russia has been seeking a warm sea port, with the Mediterranean as one direction and China as the east.
After the Russian invasion of Vladivostok, China, it was named Vladivostok, which means "ruling the East". After coming to Dalian, it was called "Darini", which means far away.
After the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese occupied the city and renamed it Dalian with similar pronunciation.
Another explanation for the origin of Dalian's name comes from Mongolian. Before the port was built in Dalian, this harbor was called Qingniwa by the Han people, called "Sea" by the Mongols and transliterated as "Dalian".
When the Russians built the harbor, they chose a Russian word with similar pronunciation according to Mongolian, called Darini. This statement seems to make sense.
There is a famous lake in Inner Mongolia called Hulunbeier Grassland. Its Mongolian name is Dalainuoer. Dalainuoer means sea in Mongolian. Naoer means lake, and Dalainoer means sea-like lake. Dalian and "Dalai" are very similar in pronunciation.
1920, Dong Qing Railway was renamed China Oriental Railway, referred to as Middle East Railway.
1924 China and the Soviet union signed the outline agreement on solving outstanding cases and the temporary management agreement on zhongdong road. The treaty stipulates that Zhongdong Road is a Sino-Soviet joint venture railway, which is purely commercial in nature, and promises that China can redeem the railway and all its affiliated properties with Chinese capital.
Zhang Xueliang took the action of recovering the railway sovereignty in the Middle East by force after changing the flag in Northeast China. This is the Middle East Railway incident that happened in 1929. China's Northeast Army finally suffered a fiasco because of the disparity in strength, and finally unconditionally agreed to restore the original state of the Middle East railway through negotiations.
1931September 18 On the night, the Japanese imperialist "Kwantung Army" forcibly stationed in the northeast of China blew up a section of the track of Nanman Railway near Liutiao Lake in the northern suburb of Shenyang, and used it as an excuse to attack and occupy Shenyang, which led to the "September 18th Incident" that shocked China and foreign countries. From then on, China began.
1In March, 935, the Soviet Union sold the Middle East Railway jointly operated by China and the Soviet Union to Japan at a fixed price.
1945 August 15 After Japan surrendered, Manchukuo lost all its jurisdiction and Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. also stopped operating. Most of its assets were taken over by the Soviet Red Army and dismantled and shipped back to China. After the Middle East Railway was renamed China Changchun Railway, it was still controlled by China and the Soviet Union.
It was not until1952,65438+31February that the Middle East Railway ended the Sino-Soviet management and was completely returned to China.