(1) New China was founded in the late 1970s.
After the founding of New China, a complete new China film career system was established from management to production and operation, imitating the management system of Soviet films.
From 65438 to 0953, with the help of Soviet experts, China made a film management plan in the first five-year plan. Among them, the studio is managed by administrative instructions, and the film shooting system, director system and various rules and regulations of film production are established. In terms of distribution, China Film Manager Company was reorganized into China Film Distribution and Projection Company, and regional companies were established as provincial and municipal distribution agencies, and various rules and regulations on distribution and projection management were established and improved. The Film Bureau has set up a film projection management office, and the cultural management departments of provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have also set up corresponding institutions at all levels. The first-level government has a first-level film distribution and projection company to strengthen the unified management of projection work. The establishment of this whole set of facilities is based on administrative mechanism and functional objectives, with market effect and market operation as auxiliary means, thus forming a film distribution system with vertical management of government and enterprises from central to local.
The film industry structure system that has been gradually improved since 1950s has its unique operating rules. Except for 1958 and 1976, which have experienced several turbulence due to well-known reasons, their basic structure and internal economic relations have not changed substantially in the past 30 years. The film industry, like other industries, adopts a planned economic system, and its construction, production and circulation are maintained by the state budget and special funds. In terms of production, the studio accepts the shooting task according to the strict plan of the superior on quantity and subject matter. In terms of distribution, China Film Company, as the general agent of national distribution and screening, is responsible for purchasing films, and then through various distribution and screening companies with distinct grades, copies of various provinces, cities and counties are distributed to screening units by combining business and politics.
(2) The 1980s
After the reform and opening up, the film industry has undergone several reforms since the early 1980s. 1979 "request for instructions on reforming the management system of film distribution and projection" adjusts the distribution income sharing ratio and increases the distribution and projection production fund. 1980, the Ministry of Culture stipulated in the form of document 1588 that China Film Company should settle accounts with the studio at a certain unit price according to the number of copies printed for distribution, which increased the production and profit of the studio. 1984 in may, the Ministry of culture formally put forward the system reform plan of establishing China film group company. 1985 1 The Film Bureau held a symposium on the reform of the film system in Guangzhou, and put forward the spirit of decentralization, separation of government from enterprise, expansion of the film industry and development of industry autonomy. In the same year, it was agreed to float the ticket prices of some films in some areas to ease the downward trend of film revenue. Thirty-five years later (it remained at 0.20-0.35 yuan in the 1950s), the film price system finally loosened under the impact of market competition.
With the gradual advancement of reform and opening up, the video industry, karaoke bars and comprehensive cultural and entertainment industries have begun to flourish, and television has become more and more popular, which has led to an obvious diversion of movie audiences. In just one year from 65438 to 0984, the number of movie audiences decreased by 5.2 billion. Under the pressure of the market, filmmakers are rapidly moving towards entertainment.
1986 65438+ 10, the Film Bureau was transferred from the Ministry of Culture to the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television. The original intention of the merger was to strengthen the unified leadership and overall planning of film and television. However, after the Film Bureau was merged into the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, local film units, especially provincial, municipal and county-level distribution companies, were still led and managed by local cultural departments, resulting in the phenomenon of "inconsistency from top to bottom", which caused great difficulties to the management of the entire film industry. From 65438 to 0986, the national film market shrank further, and about one-third of the distribution enterprises in China lost money. Many projection units want to start other businesses, which will affect the serious losses of film production enterprises. In view of this situation, 1987 proposed five settlement methods for film distribution, such as agency distribution, one-time sale and proportional sharing, but 1989 quickly regressed and stubbornly adopted copy settlement.
(3) Since the 1990s.
The film reform in the 1990s was marked by the 1993 1 month "Guangdian Zi (III)" document and its implementation rules (draft for comments). Since then, under the planned economy of more than 40 years, the monopoly of film purchase and marketing and the resulting unreasonable economic distribution between production, distribution and screening have begun to undergo major changes, one of which is that the state monopoly of China film companies has been broken. However, problems have followed, and it is still common for provincial companies to operate exclusively, monopolize distribution and have too many intermediate links in the distribution industry within their respective administrative areas. After the "Jiangsu Breakthrough" and "Shandong Breakthrough" of direct distribution of films to municipal companies, the contradiction between studios, China Film Company and provincial companies in distribution became more prominent.
1 August 19941day, the Film Bureau of the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television issued the Notice on Further Deepening the Mechanism Reform of the Film Industry (Guangdian Fa [1994] No.348). In accordance with the spirit of the Copyright Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Decision of the State Council on Further Strengthening Intellectual Property Protection, this document makes it clear that the owner of film (copyright) distribution rights can directly distribute and show films to units at all levels such as Beijing and other 2 1 provinces and cities (except 1 1 old, young, border and poor provinces). This guiding ideology has recognized the management autonomy of all enterprises in the film industry and greatly promoted the formation of multiple subjects in the market.
1995 1 With the promulgation of the Provisions on Reforming the Management of Feature Film Production (GF Zi Ying [1995] No.001) issued by the Ministry of Radio and Television at that time, it shows that the planned management mode reform of the film industry has finally taken a small step, but it is of great significance. According to the documents, it is no longer just the original 16 film studio that has the right to produce feature films in China, but a large number of unrecognized provincial film studios finally obtained their own film production rights. Soon, on the one hand, the enthusiasm of setting up factories in the province was quickly mobilized. Shandong factory, Zhejiang factory, Shanxi factory, etc. Kong Fansen, Director of the Bureau of Letters and Calls, and Liu Hulan were filmed respectively. However, due to the lack of other supporting facilities, the film industry has not really revived.
Due to the serious lack of film festival purposes in the market, the reform must take a step forward. 1997 further liberalize the right of production, so that all "organs, enterprises, institutions and other social organizations" and even "individuals can participate in the production of films in the form of funding or investment". 1995 reform only broke the monopoly of the original 16 studios, while 1997 reform completely abolished the monopoly protection right of state-owned studios. The reform plan was implemented soon, and the Forbidden City in Beijing took the lead in tasting the benefits brought by the reform. The Beijing Forbidden City Film Company, which became an instant hit because of "Days of Leaving Lei Feng", was given a very high reward by the Film Bureau of the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television-the production right of the film production enterprise.
It was also in 1997 that the single-chip distribution right was released. The Opium War was operated by private fund-raising, and the establishment of Sichuan Opium War Film and Television Production Co., Ltd. caused strong repercussions in the film industry. In terms of distribution, for the first time, the Film Bureau gave this company without independent production rights the right to distribute films, enjoying the same rights as when E Film Factory distributed films. In the same year, the South China Film Federation, located in Shenzhen, began the first step to win the right to single-film distribution from the projection industry. This joint-stock company, which focuses on screening, purchased the domestic copyright of the co-produced film "Joint Strike" in the form of agent in May 438+0997+10.
Since 2002, with the promulgation of new film management regulations as the general symbol, China film industry has started a new round of system reform and industrialization. One of the important links is the initial liberalization of the film industry, and some private institutions also have the conditions to make films independently. This further urges private capital to inject into the film production industry, thus bringing fresh blood to the film production industry. It used to be difficult for private institutions to make movies. Because of the lack of "qualification", they have to cooperate with the film studio and use the factory logo. In recent years, some private film and television production organizations, such as Guangdong superstar, Huayi Brothers, Peking University Huayi, Zhongbo Times and Hairun, have grown rapidly and become a force to be reckoned with with with their unique ideas and techniques. However, due to policy restrictions, they can only exist as "guerrillas" in the film and television industry. This reform means that private institutions can independently invest in making films without buying factory logos. This move adapts to the requirements of the socialist cultural market law-the production pattern formed this time has broken the pattern of the old state-owned production institutions dominating the world, showing the characteristics of diversification (although there is still a big gap in diversification now), and will be more competitive, because under the market law, all will occupy equal seats and the survival of the fittest will be eliminated.
The mechanism reform of the distribution and screening industry is equally fierce, mainly reflected in the promotion of the "cinema system". After nearly half a year's brewing and intensive cultivation, 30 cinemas in 23 provinces (cities) officially opened for business on June 1 day, 2002. In which 1 1 is an inter-provincial cinema and 19 is an intra-provincial cinema. At the same time, eight provinces (cities) including Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang have taken the lead in setting up two cinemas, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang have set up three cinemas respectively.
The vitality of the film system is shown in a short time. The blockbuster "Star Wars 2: Attack of the Clones" released in mid-July was only 10 days, and the box office of 30 cinemas exceeded 20 million yuan. The power of the cinema system can be seen. At the beginning of the establishment of Shanghai United Cinema, box office success was created one after another, far exceeding the box office index before the cinema system. Since the establishment of Beijing New Film Association Cinema, it has also been good news and the market trend is strong. Six cinemas affiliated to Chongqing Wanhe Cinema Line suffered a serious market decline in June, and the box office rebounded in an all-round way. The biggest direct beneficiary of the cinema system is the vast number of movie audiences, and the speed of introducing sub-account movies by film companies has obviously accelerated. Elf Mouse Brother 2 has been released almost simultaneously with foreign countries. Wenzhou Yandang Cinema has joined a county cinema, and it has been able to show sub-account movies at the same time with cinemas in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, so that audiences in small towns can enjoy sub-account movies for the first time, which is absolutely impossible before the implementation of the cinema system.
It should be said that the cinema system is the necessity of the historical development of movies, and it is also the necessity of film distribution and screening and the development of the times. Its profound significance lies in completely changing the film market environment, making the China film market break the state of administrative division and closure, forming a whole among various regions in China, thus expanding the film market scale, promoting the flow of film resources, and then establishing a benign film market mechanism. However, due to too many administrative means in the promotion of the cinema system, the marketization factor of the establishment is too weak, and the establishment time is hasty. At present, the strength, scale and operating mechanism of cinemas are quite different, and some of them are not formal. Therefore, the established cinema system is only a prototype, which can only be said to have ended the past four-level distribution. As for the development of cinemas, there is still a long way to go. Similarly, the autonomy that cinemas should enjoy in the cinema system, such as the complete right to choose films, and the fare pricing strategy based on cinemas and supplemented by the guidance of distribution companies, has not been paid enough attention. After the restructuring, the location of cinemas still stays in the state of "one in the market and one in the country" and is still in the low-level operation stage.
At the same time, the distribution monopoly of imported films has been broken one after another. Although imported films are still imported by the state, the film supply mechanism of imported films has been adjusted, and the film import and distribution are separated. In May 2002, China Film Group announced that it would sell the broadcasting rights of the American film Scare to Shanghai Jiahe, which is partly controlled by Hong Kong Jiahe. This is the first time that the group company has transferred the film distribution right to a non-Chinese mainland foreign-funded company, which is of great significance in the film distribution industry in China. At the same time, Huaxia Film Distribution Co., Ltd., another joint-stock imported film distribution company besides the original imported film distribution company of China Film Group, was formally announced on June 19, 2003 after two years of brewing and preparation. Huaxia Film Distribution Company is a joint-stock enterprise with a registered capital of 60 million yuan. There are 19 enterprises and institutions with the same investment. China Radio, Film and Television Group holds 20% of the shares as the largest shareholder, China Film Group and Shanghai Film Group each hold 1 1%, Changchun Film Group holds 10%, and the rest are influential in the domestic film system. This will be of great significance to the construction of diversified subjects in the imported film distribution market, and at the same time, the diversified property rights structure within the company will also be conducive to the improvement of the company's efficiency and the formation of a good supervision mechanism.
In rural areas, with the deepening of reform, the issue of distribution and screening is becoming more and more open. Grass-roots rural projection units or individuals have their own power. First of all, the document 1993 3 clarifies the right of county-level companies to purchase rural 16mm shares, and repeatedly emphasizes that county-level companies should become the main business entity of 16mm by renewing their concepts and transforming their mechanisms, rather than giving them by administrative means. Since then,1in August 1995, the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television has issued the Notice on Improving the Distribution and Projection of 16mm Films in Rural Areas (i.e. Document No.474), further liberalizing the right to operate 16mm copies in rural areas, emphasizing that any first-class company, collective and individual projection unit can purchase them freely, each 16mm. This new operating mechanism introduces the socialist market competition mechanism, arouses the enthusiasm of rural projection teams, enables all rural film operators to compete fairly at the same starting line, eliminates the fittest and activates the market. At the same time, we should break the artificial market barriers, let go of geographical restrictions, and let 16 mm copy flow freely to maximize its value. The document also clearly requires that 16 mm films be shown nationwide regularly every year in the future. In the same year, 1 1 held a national 16 mm film exhibition in Zhengzhou. Nearly 400 films 16 mm were sold in the four-day fair, and more than 3,500 films were in stock and futures, with a turnover of more than 4 million yuan. The Expo is well received by grass-roots units, but in the process of implementing Document No.474, due to conflicts of interest, there are still some places that prevent rural projection teams from buying films and restrict their activity areas. Then, the "233 1" project and the "Western New Project" were carried out in rural film screening, and both achieved certain results.