From ancient times to the end of 18, it is the accumulation period of marine knowledge and the embryonic period of oceanography.
In ancient times when science was underdeveloped, people's understanding and exploration of marine natural phenomena mainly depended on insufficient observation and simple logical reasoning. Although it was limited to grasping some properties of the ocean intuitively and generally at that time, it also put forward many wonderful opinions. For example, Thales in ancient Greece believed that water was the source of all things, and the earth floated in the boundless ocean. In the Book of Songs written by China from 165438 to the 6th century BC, it has been recorded that rivers live in the sea. In the 4th century BC, Aristotle, the most learned thinker in ancient Greece, described and recorded 170 kinds of Aegean animals in zoology. In the first century A.D., Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty scientifically pointed out the corresponding relationship between tidal movement and moon movement.
From15th century to the end of18th century, the development of natural science and navigation promoted the accumulation of marine knowledge. At this time, the marine knowledge is mainly based on the global land and sea distribution and marine physical geography described by voyage exploration and other activities. 1405 ~ 1433 Zheng He led the fleet across the Indian Ocean seven times in the Ming Dynasty in China; From 1492 to 1504, the Italian navigator Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean four times and reached America. 15 19 ~ 1522 Portuguese navigator Magellan completed the first round-the-world voyage in human history; From 1768 to 1779, an Englishman, Cook, made the earliest scientific expedition to the ocean and obtained the first batch of data about the surface water temperature, ocean current and depth, coral reefs and so on.
These activities and achievements not only make people understand the shape of the earth and the general distribution of land and sea, but also directly promote the development of modern natural science and lay the foundation for the formation of the main branches of oceanography. For example, in 1670, British Boyle studied the relationship between seawater salinity and seawater density, which opened the study of marine chemistry; 1674, the protozoa was first discovered in Dutch waters in Levinhook, the Netherlands; 1687, Newton explained the tide with the law of universal gravitation, which laid the scientific foundation for tidal research. 1740, Swiss scientist Bernoulli put forward the theory of tidal statics; 1772, Frenchman lavoisier first determined the composition of seawater; 1775, Laplace, France initiated the theory of ocean tidal dynamics, and so on.
/kloc-From the beginning of the 9th century to the middle of the 20th century, the emergence and development of machinery industry strongly promoted the establishment and development of oceanography.
Darwin, a British scientist and the founder of the theory of biological evolution, sailed around the world with the Beagle from 183 1 836, and did a lot of research on marine life and coral reefs. 1842 published the Structure and Distribution of Coral Reef, and put forward the theory of coral reef settlement. The Origin of Species was published in 1859, which established the theory of biological evolution.
From 65438 to 2009, British biologist Forbes put forward the concept of marine life distribution zoning in the 1940s and 1950s, and published the first map of marine life distribution and the classic work of marine ecology, Natural History of the European Sea. American scholar Murray has made more outstanding contributions to the establishment of oceanography. His "Marine Physical Geography" published in 1855 is considered as the first classic work of modern oceanography.
From 1872 to 1876, the British Challenger expedition was regarded as the real beginning of modern oceanographic research. During the voyage of1.2000 kilometers, Challenger made multidisciplinary and all-round ocean observation, and made a lot of achievements in marine meteorology, ocean current, water temperature, chemical composition of seawater, marine life and seabed sediments, which separated oceanography from the traditional physical geography and gradually formed an independent discipline.
From 1925 to 1927, German meteors used the electronic echo sounding method for the first time in their scientific exploration in the South Atlantic, and measured more than 70,000 ocean depth data, revealing that the ocean floor is not flat, and it is as diverse as land landforms. At the same time, remarkable progress has been made in the research of basic branches such as marine physics, marine chemistry, marine geology and marine biology, and some marine natural laws have been discovered and confirmed.
1957 The establishment of the scientific committee on oceanic research (SCOR) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) promoted the rapid development of marine science. Trieste II, an American submersible, dived to a depth of 109 19 m in 1960, and the American nuclear submarine Nautilus crossed the Arctic under the ice in 1950, indicating that any part of the ocean can be conquered by human beings. However, the accidents in which the American submarine Shark 1963 and Scorpion 1960 were all killed proved that the marine environment is still difficult to master. In fact, from a technical point of view, it is more difficult for human beings to walk on the deep seabed than on the moon.
Modern oceanography generally develops from traditional static qualitative description and simple causal analysis to dynamic quantitative analysis, and attaches importance to basic theory, field experiments and functional simulation research.
The combination and mutual penetration between branches of marine science and between marine science and adjacent basic science have gradually formed a series of interdisciplinary and comprehensive research topics. For example, ocean-atmosphere interaction and long-term climate prediction, marine ecosystem, material circulation and transformation in the ocean, seabed structure, the origin of ocean and earth, and the origin of marine life.
The development of deep-sea drilling and marine geophysical exploration technology has made new breakthroughs in the research methods and theories of marine science (especially marine geology) and earth science. For example, the theory of plate tectonics, regarded as one of the most important achievements of geoscience in the 20th century, was established mainly through the study of marine geological and geophysical exploration results.
Since the 1960s, all major advances in marine science have been related to the successful development of new observation instruments, research methods and means and extensive and close international cooperation. For example, effective ocean observation, application of data transmission and processing system, application of space remote sensing, telemetry and underwater acoustic technology, International Geophysical Year, international Indian Ocean expedition, cooperative research of Kuroshio and its adjacent waters, International Ocean Exploration Decade, global atmospheric research plan, Atlantic tropical experiment, deep-sea drilling plan, establishment of world (marine science) data center, etc.