(Lesson 1) Intensive ancient agriculture: 1, the change of agricultural farming mode from slash-and-burn to iron plow in Niu Geng (1) Primitive agriculture: slash-and-burn (fire tillage) (2) The symbol of China's agriculture entering the stage of "plow tillage" or "stone hoe tillage": loosening tools. (3) During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze farm tools appeared. During the Spring and Autumn Period, small pieces of iron farm tools appeared. Niu Geng is a revolution of China's agricultural power. During the Warring States Period, it was first popular in Niu Geng. Since then, Niu Geng with iron plough has gradually become the main farming method of Chinese traditional agriculture. 2. Characteristics of ancient agricultural economy in China: (1) Small-scale peasant economy takes the family as the production and living unit, combining agriculture with cottage industry, and production is mainly to meet their basic living needs and pay taxes. It is a self-sufficient natural economy, and intensive small-scale peasant economy is the basic mode of agricultural production in China feudal society. (2) China's feudal economy was dominated by self-sufficient natural economy. (3) The solid existence of natural economy is an important reason for the slow development and long-term continuation of feudal society in China. (Lesson 2) Ancient Handicraft Industry Leading the World ● Understand the main achievements made by ancient China in the handicraft industry sectors such as metallurgy, porcelain making and silk weaving. 1. Simu Wuding in Shang Dynasty is rare in the world. 2. Du Fu's poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty invented drainage and used water conservancy to make iron. 3. The method of pouring steel was invented in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. 4. Porcelain making in Tang Dynasty formed two systems: South, Blue, North and White. 5. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province developed into the national porcelain making center in Yuan Dynasty in Song Dynasty, and became the national porcelain capital in Ming and Qing Dynasties. 6. On the basis of blue and white porcelain, colored porcelain was fired in Ming Dynasty; Enamel was also invented in the Qing Dynasty. 7. Suzhou and Hangzhou were famous silk weaving centers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the use mechanism of flower beds was complex and precise. (Lesson 3) Development of Ancient Commerce 1, Understanding the Formation and Development of "Cities" (1) Western Han Dynasty: Every city has a "city" specialized in trade, which is strictly separated from residential areas, and Chang 'an has a city to the east and west. Establish official management (mayor or municipal order) to open and close the market on time. (2) Sui and Tang Dynasties: Chang 'an has a city and a square, separated by a wall, which is open regularly during the day. (3) Song Dynasty: The boundary between the city and the square was gradually broken, and shops could be set up everywhere and opened in the morning and evening. 2. Know the major commercial cities and famous commercial gangs: (4) Western Han Dynasty: famous commercial centers such as Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu; (5) Chang 'an and Luoyang in the Yellow River Basin during the Sui and Tang Dynasties; Yangzhou and Yizhou in the Yangtze River valley have become prosperous commercial cities; Guangzhou is an important foreign trade port, and the government has set up a city ambassador. (6) Kaifeng and Lin 'an in Song Dynasty; Yizhou issued the world's earliest paper money "Jiaozi" (7 yuan) in Dadu and Hangzhou. Quanzhou, the world's largest port (8) Ming and Qing Dynasties: the emergence of business gangs. For example, Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants (the similarities between them are: both started from managing salt industry; Commercial activities are all related to the financial field (Huizhou merchants run pawn shops and Shanxi merchants set up banks); The scope of activities involves foreign countries, and they have accumulated huge wealth.) (Lesson 4 The budding capitalism develops slowly ● Understanding the basic meaning of the policies of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" and "sea ban" greatly influenced (1) the basic economic policy of China feudal society: the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" was initiated by Shang Yang's reform in the Warring States Period. The fundamental reason for long-term implementation of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" is to meet the needs of self-sufficient natural economy. Its purpose is to maintain the natural economy, ensure the collection of taxes and land rent, maintain political stability and consolidate feudal rule. Positive effects: protecting agricultural production and small-scale peasant economy and promoting agricultural economic development; Consolidate the emerging landlord regime in the early feudal society. The manifestations of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce in the Ming and Qing Dynasties: the last agricultural-oriented business thought, monopoly system, heavy taxes at checkpoints, discrimination against businessmen, and huge government-run handicrafts. Negative consequences: strengthen the natural economy, hinder the development of industry and commerce, and hinder the development of capitalism. (2) The "maritime ban" of the Ming Dynasty was to guard against Japanese pirates, but it did not prohibit official foreign trade; The Qing dynasty was due to the anti-Qing struggle of the people in the southeast coast. Both of them are to maintain the feudal ruling order. (3) The meaning of the "closed door" that the Qing Dynasty has implemented: strictly restricting foreign exchanges. The Qing dynasty only opened one kind of foreign trade: the consequences of Guangzhou's closed door (foreign trade was managed by the 13 th branch of Guangzhou) were: it hindered the development of overseas markets, inhibited the primitive accumulation of capital, and hindered the growth of capitalist seeds; China was isolated from the world, and failed to learn advanced western scientific knowledge and production technology in time to develop productive forces, which made China gradually fall behind the world trend. Unit 2 The Changes of Economic Structure and the Tortuous Development of Capitalism in Modern China (Lesson 1) The Emergence of Capitalism in China: 1 Reasons for the emergence of Chinese national capitalism: (1) The invasion of foreign capitalism gradually disintegrated the natural economy. (2) Stimulated by the rich profits of foreign companies. (3) Westernization induced private enterprises. The time when Chinese national capitalism came into being was: 65438+ 1960s and 1970s; Location: Southeast Coastal Area 2. Representative enterprises: Changfa Machine Factory, Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory, Yilaimou Machine Factory (Lesson 2) 1. The development stage of Chinese national capitalism in modern times: ● Short Spring (1) Time: During World War I (19 15-) B The mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement strongly promoted the development of national capitalism; C The European powers were busy with the war and temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China, which objectively provided favorable external conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism. (3) Main industries: textile industry, flour industry (4) Famous industrialists: Zhang Jian, Zhou and Rong brothers (5) Why is it a "short" spring? After World War I, European powers made a comeback ● tortuous development (1) Ten years ago (1927-6527), the national government introduced some policies and measures that were beneficial to economic development. (2) During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the national industry suffered a heavy blow. Reason: occupied area: some factories and mines were destroyed by the Japanese army, or the Japanese army annexed the Kuomintang-controlled area in various forms. The national government implemented the wartime system and strengthened its overall economic rule. Bureaucrats are squeezing national enterprises for huge profits ● Shrinking (1) Time: After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War (during the War of Liberation or 1945- 1949) (2) Reasons: A American goods flooded into the China market, crowding out domestic products (1946 Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation) B bureaucratic capital was rampant. Squeezing the national enterprise C, the national government's exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees are increasing, and inflation is expanding. 2. Understand the position and role of capitalism in the development of modern China 1. Economically, it is a new economic factor that is conducive to social progress; 2. Politically, lay a material and class foundation for national capitalism to enter the political arena; The growth of the proletarian ranks prepared the class conditions for the arrival of the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of the Communist Party of China (CPC). 3. Constantly impacting and shaking the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy ideologically provided social conditions for the spread of western bourgeois ideology and culture. However, in China, a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, it is impossible to take the capitalist road because of the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie. Unit 3 Socialism with Chinese characteristics Construction Road (Lesson 1) Development and twists and turns of economic construction. Understand the three major changes:1At the end of 956, China basically completed the three major changes. Make the means of production change from private ownership to socialist public ownership. It marks the establishment of the socialist system in China. 2. Understand the eight main contents: 1956, the 8th National Congress of communist party, China was held. Main content: (1) The main contradiction in China is the contradiction between the advanced social system and the backward productive forces. The current task is to concentrate on transforming China from a backward agricultural country into an advanced industrial country. 3. Understanding of the Great Leap Forward and People's Communalization Movement: 1958 launched the Great Leap Forward and People's Communalization Movement, which was a serious mistake of our party in the process of exploring the socialist road in China, and caused three years of economic difficulties (19665438). (Lesson 2) The Great Historical Turning Point Understand the contents of the decision on reform and opening up made by the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and understand the historical significance. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was held in Beijing in February. Main contents: (1) re-established the Marxist ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts. (2) Abandoned the wrong policy of "centering on class struggle" and set things right. (3) shift the focus of the party and the state to economic construction. (4) Significance of reform and opening-up: The formation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's collective leadership with Deng Xiaoping as the core is a great turning point in the history of the Party and the Republic since the founding of New China, and it has become the starting point for China to open up the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and initiate the socialist modernization of China. (Page 45 below) (Lesson 3) Economic system reform 1. Understand the rural household contract responsibility system: 1. Implement the household contract responsibility system. Abolish the people's commune system. The development of township enterprises has opened up a new road for farmers to get rich and realize industrial modernization. 2. Understand the important content and function of state-owned enterprise reform: the central link is to increase the vitality of enterprises and invigorate them. Content: (1), management system: separating government from enterprises, expanding enterprise autonomy (2) ownership: public ownership is the main body, and multiple ownership economies develop together. (3) Distribution system: a distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting. (4) 1992 property right system reform, implementing a modern enterprise system with shareholding system as the main form. Its role is to mobilize the enthusiasm of workers, increase the vitality of enterprises, promote the rapid development of the national economy, and make the people reach a well-off level as a whole. (Lesson 4) The pattern of opening to the outside world has initially taken shape 1. How is the pattern of China's opening to the outside world formed? (1) Establishment of special economic zones: 1980, Shenzhen (the first special economic zone), Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen; Hainan province 1988. (2) 14 coastal port cities:1984; (3) Coastal Economic Open Zones: Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Southeast Fujian and Bohai Bay; (4) Economic and Technological Development Zone:1988; (5) Develop Shanghai Pudong in 65,438+0990 to drive the Yangtze River Delta and the Yangtze River Basin. 2. Main contents of the 14th National Congress: 1992: The goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system. If you want other content, please add me QQ: 63575804 1. I can't send it because of the word limit.