1. In ancient China, the so-called abdication era refers to the "Five Emperors" era, that is, the Yao Shunyu era. According to the myth fabricated by Confucian scholars, Yao gave way to Shun when he was old, and to Dayu when Shun was old. This shows that these clan leaders are selfless.
However, what are the historical facts? It's not like what Confucian scholars say. What is selflessness? But full of violence and cruelty. In the later period of Yao's rule, many people competed for power, and Yao himself imprisoned one of the people who competed for power. However, I was unprepared for another person: Shun. Shun killed all Yao's supporters and family, forcing Yao to abdicate.
Shun later killed Dayu's father on the grounds of poor river management. In fact, this is just an excuse. The real reason is that the latter is a strong contender for the leader of clan tribal alliance. Dayu inherited his father's career and finally killed Shun. According to the history book, Yu San walked through the house and didn't enter. Actually, it's just that I'm afraid to go into the house. Because I dare not go near my family. Otherwise, Shun will kill you. Later, Yu took the place of Shun and brutally slaughtered and retaliated against Shun's men. Shun's two concubines (E Huang and Nv Ying) fled to the south, but they were still doomed to die. According to historical records, they shed tears because of sympathy for Shun. In fact, they were forced to jump into the river and commit suicide with tears under the butcher's knife of Dayu supporters. This is complete extinction. Because Dayu himself was afraid that someone would imitate him.
Behind these three leaders are three tribal groups vying for power. Shun is the leader of Dongyi tribe. And Dayu is the boss of Huaxia Group. The struggle for power and interests between them is the struggle between tribal groups. After Dayu's death, in order to prevent power from falling into the hands of Dongyi tribe, the ruling Huaxia Group killed Boyi, the elected leader of Dongyi tribe, and Yu Ziqi succeeded him. So as to establish the Xia Dynasty. The abdication system was replaced by hereditary system. However, in the early summer, after the death of Qi, there was still a power struggle between Hou Yi, the leader of Dongyi Group, and Han Chong.
Therefore, the abdication system in China's history has been full of violence and cruelty. The abdication system is not the democratic system of primitive commune at all. It is fundamentally different from the democratic system. These differences are as follows:
1), abdication system is the result of power struggle. It is based on the struggle between power and profit. Before extinction, we must first go through a fierce power struggle. In the end, the winner is in power. In the history of China, after the hereditary system was established, the abdication system still coexisted. At least, formally speaking, from the Western Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, each of its founding rulers gained political power by "surrendering" to the last ruler of the previous generation. Its essence is no different from the demise of Yao Shunyu. It's all about winning or losing.
2) Democracy is the result of public opinion. Is to transfer power in accordance with the law and the will of the people. Democracy can make society progress. The abdication system can only corrupt the whole society. Because the rulers in a democratic system depend on public opinion. In the latter, the ruler only depends on the ability to carry out the plot.
Therefore, abdication system is a backward system. For a long time, the expression of abdication system in history textbooks is wrong. The Confucian myth about it is time to be broken.
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2。 Recently, I watched the modern version of Yao Shun's "Zen Rang"! It feels very interesting, let's enjoy it together! Conspiracy and love, in this way, conflicted into one, ruining Yao's eternal inheritance. E Huang and Nv Ying are two women in the love history of China. "Records of the Five Emperors": Yao was old and asked the minister who could succeed him. The minister recommended Shun. In order to investigate Shun, Yao married his two daughters and. Under the guidance of Shun, the two daughters are "very feminine". Yao is very satisfied. Three years later, after investigation, Yao passed the throne to Shun. Yao's move is known as "abdication". After that, Shun followed this example and surrendered to Yu. In history, there are only two cases of abdication for public interest recorded in the official history, and the cases of abdication in later generations are only tricks performed under pressure to save lives. Therefore, the "abdication system" was highly praised by Confucius and his adult scholars and became the initial basis of the "reform of entrusting orphans". Until today, it is still the darling of orthodox historical view, and has been publicly written into middle school history textbooks. Shun, another branch of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, has lived in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (Zhou Pu, Shaanxi) since the Ninth Emperor. Shun is the leader of this tribe, and his reputation will be heard by Yao. Yao married his two daughters and won Shun's tribe. This is the earliest origin of affinity in the history of China. At that time, Shun paid a large sum of money for dowry and married two women by Gui River, which must have mixed feelings. A chill must have hit the young Shun's heart: the good or bad of this marriage is uncertain, two women are pregnant with an unknown vicious mission, and the secret and strength of Shun tribe are about to be exposed in the girl's leisurely walk; But no matter what those two women do, Shun can't handle it. After all, and are both Yao's own daughters. "Intimacy", under tenderness, hides the end of spying and betrayal in advance. At that time, the matriarchal clan had already passed the golden age, and women, as vassals of men, were used as tools in various unspeakable occasions. Besides, Harmony is a concubine, and Yao loves Danzhu, the eldest son of my late Lord, and the future throne must belong to Danzhu. And Dani's stubbornness and fierceness, E Huang, Nvying and the other nine concubines' brothers probably predicted Dani's own fate after he took office. So, can you rely on this man named Shun, whom my father is spying on? After all, before Yao, it was not without precedent for the eldest son to inherit the throne. Yao inherited the throne of his younger brother Zhi and became his second son. On this cold morning, the wedding day, E Huang and Nv Ying, their marriage is propaganda, but also have mixed feelings, and their tastes are indistinguishable. The days after marriage are very calm. Shun, "heavy eyes (two pupils), long face, big mouth, black, six feet and one inch long", looks weird and burly; And very capable, can plow, can fish, can make pottery; He is filial and fair, and is very loved by tribal people. If such a man is not worthy of love, who else is? In this way, in the mutual vigilance day after day, in the intimacy day after day, the mysterious smoke screen of love is quietly released. When Shun's father and half-brother Xiang tried to hurt Shun many times, and encouraged by love, they gave him directions to escape twice. Marriage before love is sweeter. Three people are United, and their profits are broken. Yao sent nine concubines to inquire about the news, and three people and nine people formed a United front. At the age of 73, Yao and Shun, who were transferred to Danzhu, staged a coup, succeeded in one blow, imprisoned Yao and Danzhu, and Shun naturally acceded to the throne. This is the truth of abdication. Conspiracy and love, in this way, conflicted into one, ruining Yao's eternal inheritance. Follow it with ambition, and the beauty of Jiangshan will be exhausted. However, there seems to be a fate in the darkness. Decades later, Shun repeated Yao's fate: Yu, who had the revenge of killing his father, usurped the throne, exiled Shun to the south of Cangwu (Guangxi), and was buried in Jiuyi Mountain in Hunan after his death. E Huang and Nv Ying searched for Jiuyi Mountain all the way. The sky is gray and wild. They look back and forth and feel their own life experiences. They couldn't help crying like rain, dripping on the texture of bamboo, and the sad and touching "ChristianRandPhillips Bambusa" was born. There are more funny ingredients than facts!
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According to legend, when Emperor Yao was the leader of the tribal alliance, Shun was elected as the heir in April. After three years of assessment, Yao helped to handle the affairs. After Yao's death, Shun succeeded to the throne and passed the test of water control in the same way, with Yu as the heir. After Yu ascended the throne, he became his successor and died young, and Boyi became his successor. This system of selecting leaders in ancient tribal alliances was called "abdication" in history.
Yao, Shun and Yu were all famous Ming emperors in ancient China, and they were collectively called "Yao, Shun and Yu", which became examples for emperors in past dynasties to learn from. After the death of the emperor, it seems natural for his son to inherit the throne, but Shun is not Yao's son. Why did Yao pass on the throne to Shun?
Yao Xianhui is broad-minded, loves the people like a son, is rich in the world but not arrogant, and is expensive for the son of heaven but not arrogant. Therefore, the people of all tribes cling to him as if they need the sun in winter, and depend on him as if they expect rain in a dry day. Everyone is very close, doing their job and living a stable and happy life.
When Yao was old, he felt that he could no longer cope with complicated government affairs, so he called ministers to discuss the candidate for the throne.
A minister said, "Your son, Dani, is naturally intelligent, open-minded and reasonable, and can inherit your throne."
Yao sighed and said, "alas! I know him well. He likes quarreling with others so much that he doesn't need it. "
Another minister said: "Gonggong can unite the masses to carry out all kinds of work, and has outstanding achievements, and can shoulder the heavy responsibility of governing the world."
Yao said: "Gonggong is not decent, but only speaks beautiful words; He is honest in appearance, but arrogant at heart. He doesn't even care about heaven and can't use it. "
So Yao said to the four ministers around him, "Alas! I have been in office for 70 years, and you can all be honest and clean, so let you replace me! "
The four ministers all said modestly, "Our moral character and talents are far apart, how dare we shoulder the heavy responsibility of the son of heaven!"
Yao thought about it and said to the four ministers, "Please continue to recommend it! Whether you are a close relative, a distant relative, or even a reclusive saint, as long as you have both ability and political integrity. "
The four ministers discussed it for a while and said to Yao, "There is a bachelor named Shun among the people, and we think he can shoulder the heavy responsibility."
Yao nodded and said, "I've heard of this man once. What kind of person is he? "
The four ministers said, "He is the son of a blind man. His father is immoral and his mother likes to speak ill of him. His brother is arrogant and fierce, but he can live in harmony with them with filial piety, which can make them make progress and not do bad things. "
Yao said, "OK, I'll test him."
So Yao married his two daughters to Shun and observed how he managed the family. He also let nine sons live with Shun to observe how Shun treats people. After Shun took them home, he paid more attention to moral cultivation and told them to put down their airs and live with their parents. Under the influence of Shun, Yao's two daughters are modest and cautious with their relatives, and everyone praises them for being virtuous. Yao Jiuzi is also more sincere to people than before.
Yao appreciated Shun's practice very much, so he let Shun manage state affairs, and everything was arranged in an orderly way. After trying Shun for three years, Yao was very satisfied. Yao knew that his son would be dissatisfied if he gave Shun the throne of the son of heaven, but all the people in the world could live a stable and happy life. He must not let all the people suffer and let one person benefit. So, Yao summoned Shun and said, "You are very considerate, and what you said is very effective. Let you inherit my throne. "
On the first day of the first month, Yao went to the ancestral temple in Shun Dynasty. This is the famous "abdication" in the ancient history of our country, which refers to passing the throne to sages, not to our own children and grandchildren.
After Yao's death, the three-year mourning period ended, and Shun surrendered the world to Danzhu as a sign of humility. But when tribal leaders came to worship the emperor, they did not go to Danzhu, but to worship Shun. People support and praise Shun, but not Dani. Shun said, "This is God's will!" So he officially ascended the position of the son of heaven.
After Shun ascended the throne, 22 ministers were appointed to take charge of various specialized affairs. Under the careful management of Shun, the whole country presents a thriving scene.
Yao is virtuous and broad-minded. In order to let the people live a stable and happy life, he did not pass on the position of the son of heaven, but passed it on to Shun, who has both ability and political integrity. Because of Dayu's meritorious service in water control, Shun passed the throne to Yu. This is the famous "abdication" system in the ancient history of our country, but why was it later replaced by the hereditary system?
Dayu's great achievements in water control greatly enhanced his prestige and power among tribal alliance leaders. As a result, the original democratic atmosphere gradually faded.
On one occasion, Yu Dongzheng summoned many tribal leaders in Huiji Mountain (in Shaoxing, Zhejiang). All the people who went to see jade held jade in their hands, and the ceremony was very grand. There was a tribal leader named Fang Feng, who was the latest to attend the meeting. Yu thought he ignored the order and ordered Fang Feng to be killed. When the tribal leader saw that Dayu had killed Fang Feng, he looked at each other and dared not say a word.
After this incident, Dayu has actually changed from the leader of the tribal alliance to a veritable king. When Yu was old, he appointed Boyi as his successor according to the traditional system of abdication. At this time, Qi, the son of Dayu, had considerable strength and was active among tribal alliances in an attempt to replace the position of the leader of the Boyi tribal alliance.
After Dayu's death, Boyi inherited the position of leader of the tribal alliance. Later, Qi led his men to attack Boyi, killed him and became the leader of the tribal alliance. Because Qi itself is very talented, all tribal leaders also support him. In this way, the "abdication" system of tribal alliance was officially abolished and became a hereditary system of father's death and son's succession.
After Qi ascended the throne, the Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in China, was established. Since then, China has entered a class society.
The other, which is also neglected, is the abdication system initiated by Cao Pi. Although this system is despised by many people, its practical significance is great. It ensures the continuation of an orthodox thought and the enduring guarantee of Chinese culture. This abdication method was widely used later until Chen Qiaoyi. Because sai-jo destroyed the Song Dynasty, there is no need for so-called orthodoxy.
Is the so-called "glorious revolution" in Britain and the constitutional monarchy established later very similar to Cao Pi's abdication?