Nu Wa is an artistic image in ancient myths and legends of China, and may also be a historical figure who really existed. The legendary Nu Wa is Fuxi's sister, who was named the queen by her brother and lived in the sunshine of your water. Her most important contributions to human beings are "making people out of clay" and "refining five-color stones to make up the sky", and she is the ancestor of the Chinese nation.
In ancient times, Nu Wa lived in extremely difficult natural conditions. At this time, "the four poles abandon it, Kyushu splits it, the sky does not overlap, the land is underdeveloped, the fire F is inflamed but not extinguished, the water is endless, the animals eat people, and the birds take the old and the weak." In the face of the huge natural disasters facing mankind, she stepped forward, "refining five-color stones to make up the sky, breaking the shackles is enough to set up four poles, killing the black dragon to help Jizhou, and accumulating reed ash to stop it." She saved human society and created human civilization with infinite wisdom and great love. From then on, "Heaven supplements, four poles are positive, * * * withers, Jizhou is flat, cunning insects die, and people's livelihood improves." It can be said that without a mother, there would be no offspring; Without Nu Wa, there would be nothing for Chinese children. In addition, Nu Wa also made a musical instrument-Sheng Chun, which made a marriage matchmaker for human beings and made great contributions to the reproduction of future generations. Some scholars believe that after the combination of Nu Wa and Fuxi, the descendants mainly include Dragonfly (Zhu Xiang), Ganlong (Hao Ying), Dragon (Grand Court), Dragon General (Chaos), Dragon Map (Kang Yin), Water Dragon (Land Separation), Qinglong (Ju Mang) and Red Dragon. From this point of view, the blood vessels of Chinese sons and daughters all over the world are full of Nu Wa's deep red blood, and they all inherit Nu Wa's genetic genes. In the hearts of all Chinese sons and daughters, there is a deep affection for the great mother of the Chinese nation.
In memory of Nu Wa, later generations built Nu Wa Mausoleum and Laiwo Temple to offer sacrifices. However, due to different views on the main activity areas of Nu Wa, there are different views on where Nu Wa Mausoleum is located.
One view is that Nu Wa's activities in that year were mainly in Shanxi on the Loess Plateau, mainly in Jizhou. The ancients thought that Jizhou was between the two rivers, which was the majority of south-central Shanxi, including Taihang Mountain, Taiyue Mountain and Luliang Mountain today. The sky made up by Nu Wa probably refers to the ceiling of the "cave" where primitive humans lived. Because there was a huge earthquake at that time, landslides, ground fissures, and the zenith of the cave where human beings lived cracked and collapsed, which led to "sky breaking and ground fissures". Filling the sky with five-colored stones was a feat of Nu Wa. Today, many places in Taihang Mountain area are "five-color" granite geological structures, so there are many relics of Nuwa in Taihang Mountain area, such as Tiantai, Wahuang Cave and Wahuang Cave.
In ancient times, when Nu Wa lived, the civilization system had not been established, so there could be no capital. Therefore, she actually ruled the world as a matriarchal tribal leader. "History of Taoism" says that Huang Zhong, the birthplace of Nu Wa's rule, is probably the middle volcano in Jizhou recorded by Gong Yu. In the spoken language of northerners, the pronunciation of "yellow" and "fire" is similar, so it is possible to mistake the middle volcano for a mountain. It can be speculated that Nuwa's "Wahuang Old Capital" is located in Houcun, Zhaocheng Town, Hongtong County, Shanxi Province. Houcun is located in Jizhou, and the relics of Yangshao culture and Longshan culture found nearby can also prove this view. Houcun was probably formed in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and it was named after the feudal land of princes.
After the death of Nu Wa, her final resting place-"Nu Wa Ling" was also in Houcun. Nu Wa's tomb has been mentioned in Taiping Universe in the early Song Dynasty, saying that the tomb is five miles southeast of Zhao Tongzi City and two feet high. According to "Qing Dynasty County Records", in the early Song Dynasty, five families sealed the mausoleum and offered sacrifices in the Spring and Autumn Period. Nu Wa Mausoleum is located in the northeast of Houcun Village. It is divided into two mausoleums. One is the main mausoleum, which is a circular mound with a height of four or five meters and a circumference of about 50 meters. The auxiliary mausoleum is located on the west side of Huang Yu Temple, and its size is similar to that of the main mausoleum. It is generally believed that the main mausoleum buried the body of Nu Wa, while the auxiliary mausoleum buried what Nu Wa used before her death. On the east side of the Nu Wa Mausoleum, there is a large-scale and long-standing Wahuang Temple, which is called "Our Lady of Wahuang". The temple is about120m wide from east to west and 300m long from north to south. The age of the temple has not been tested, and Tang Tianbao rebuilt it in six years. In the Hall of the Great Hero, the main statue is Nu Wa, and the wall is painted with the story of Nu Wa breaking rocks and refining stones. Now there are three Cooper trees in the temple. The largest is Hericium erinaceus, which is more than 20 meters high and 8.5 meters in diameter. According to the legend that Xuanyuan Huangdi went to Wanrong Nuwa Holy Land in Shanxi Province to "sweep the floor to worship the ancestors", it was planted by Huangdi when he came here to worship Nuwa's mausoleum, just like "Huangdi planted cypress by hand" in Qiao Shan, Shaanxi Province.
From ancient times to the present, Huang Yu Temple in Houcun has always been a national-level temple enjoying the sacrifices of emperors in past dynasties. Among the temples are the inscriptions of Huangyu Temple in the Great Song Dynasty, which was newly built by Song Kaibao in six years, the Huang Yu Temple in Dayuan County, which was rebuilt in fourteen years of Yuan Dynasty, and the imperial tablets sent by many emperors in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The tablet in the Song Dynasty said: "It is a call to all counties, and there should be a mausoleum of the first emperor in the territory, so that temples can be built and enjoyed at any time, and the people can pray. It was in Pingyang, the old county, the original temple of Nuwa. So he ordered that the hidden things should be hidden, the clerk should be responsible for merits, the materials should be excellent, and the craftsmen should be called, so that they are strong and brittle, and new ones should be made when they are gone. " This Laihe Temple, built before the Tang Dynasty, is actually a witness that Nuwa was buried in Houcun a long time ago. The imperial inscriptions of emperors in previous dynasties made Nu Wa Ling and Laihe Temple in Houcun enjoy higher treatment in history, which was quite different from temples of the same name in other places and became national temples.
Another view is that Nu Wa's burial place is Lanping County, Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province. This was discovered by a scholar named Fu Yongfa by studying Shan Hai Jing. Shan Hai Jing? "Wild West Classic" says: "Beyond the northwest sea, in a corner of the wild, there is a disharmonious mountain, named bad son, guarding two yellow beasts and water, called cold summer water. There are wet mountains in the west and curtain mountains in the east. Yu Gongguo Mountain. " He believes that these words are very consistent with the northwest of Jianchuan County and the southeast of Lanping County in Yunnan today.
At that time, there was a mountain called master Zhou, which split and could not be closed, and one mountain became two. "Poor Boy" is the nuclear mountain in the southwest of Kimura and the beautiful mountain in the northwest of Shui Mei Administrative Village in Shanglan Township, Jianchuan County. The original name of Baiyu Fuyu Zaimu is "Fuzhai", which is the near sound of the word "negative son" in "bad negative son". There is a stream between the nuclear mountain and the beautiful water mountain that separates the two mountains. The ancients thought that two mountains were originally one mountain. "Two yellow beasts guarding it" are two animals drawn in yellow at the corresponding position of Zhoufuzi Mountain at that time, which is used to indicate the position of Zhoufuzi Mountain. Buzhou Mountain and Buzhou Fuzi Mountain are two mountains. Commenting on The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Guo Pu said: "Workers and Zhuan Xu are contending for the emperor, so they touch it in anger and don't think about mountains. The sky is perfect and the pillar is broken. Therefore, this mountain lacks bad things and is not to be seen. " In fact, Guo Pu mistook the bad mountain for the bad mountain. But Buzhoushan is located in the north of Shuitangqing Village, Heyuan Administrative Village, Jiuhe Township, Lijiang County. It is the gateway to the south of ancient industrial countries and the place where the main roads pass.
The "cold and hot water" mentioned in Shan Hai Jing is a current in the southeast of Huangmu Village, Fenghua Administrative Village, Tongdian Township, southeast of Lanping County. This stream is unknown today. It flows into Jiang Baishi in the southeast of Fisherman Zam. This stream is in Shan Hai Jing? It is called "quicksand water" in the three classics of western times. Jiang Baishi originated from Laojun Mountain in the northwest of Jianchuan County, and a section of the river here is naturally called "water viewing" in the book. "There is a wet mountain in the west of the water and a curtain mountain in the east of the water", which means that there is a mountain called wet mountain in the west of the river, which is Qingyantou in the west of the river today, in Lanping County; Curtain Mountain on the east side of the stream refers to the mountain ridge on the east side of the stream today, which is in Jianchuan County. "Yu attacked * * * Gongguo Mountain" refers to Jizu Mountain at the junction of the two counties today.
* * * The Republic of China is a country founded by Gonggong, the son of the great-grandson of Emperor Yan. Its resident is located in the Jinsha River Valley between Shigu Street and Hongshiya in Shigu Town, Lijiang County. The principality of * * defended at the southern gateway, and Dayu took a detour to Zhoushan, and finally eliminated the principality of * * *.
In ancient times, it was said that Nuwa was Fuxi's sister and Fuxi was the Yellow Emperor. Shan Hai Jing said that Zhuan Xu's son Shu founded the country. This Shu kingdom is located in Xinshengyi, the resident of Xinsheng Administrative Village, Shanglan Township, Jianchuan County, at the foot of Xidong. The book also said: "Nu Wa's intestines turned into gods, crossing the road in the wild of Li Guang." Literally, Nu Wa was buried in "Li Guang Ye Tian", that is, Li Guang Shan. The word "Li Guang" is replaced by "Liguang", which is equivalent to the mountain south of Huangmu Village, Fenghua Administrative Village, Tongdian Township, Lanping County. This mountain is not high. There are trees on it, mostly pine trees. In the dense forest at the top of the mountain, there is a circular earth platform with a diameter of 10 m and a height of about 1.2 m, which is higher than the surrounding gentle slope. It is speculated that this is an ancient tomb and the burial place of Nu Wa.
There is also a view that Taihao Mausoleum in Huaiyang, Henan Province is actually Laiwo Temple. There is a well-preserved Fuxi Mausoleum of Taihao in the north of Huaiyang. The local people call Fuxi the ancestor, but in fact, the ancestor of "making people out of soil" should be the mother goddess Nuwa. Nuwa and Fuxi are closely related, and they are often integrated. Du Guangting of the Five Dynasties said that Chen Zhou is the market of Tai Hao, and there is Fuxi Temple in Dongguan, and there is Fuxi Tomb outside Dongguan, which is called Wengpo Tomb. This clearly tells future generations that Fuxi Temple was once a temple enjoyed by Nuwa and Fuxi, and the earliest temple was Laiwo Temple.
In today's Huaiyang, there is a month-long Taihaoling Temple Fair from February 2 to March 3 every year, which is very large and people from several nearby provinces come to the fair. This situation has been reflected in the Book of Songs. In the Book of Rites, it is said that Nu Wa was worshipped in the ancestral hall in mid-spring and that "in mid-spring and March, men and women can't help running". This temple fair actually originated from the sacrifice to Nu Wa. On the Qingshitai in the northwest corner of Ren Xian Hall in Taihao Mausoleum, there is a grotto, commonly known as "descendants' cave". Those who are looking for children worship there and must touch the cave door with their hands. This descendant grotto is a typical relic of ancient female worship.
There is a view of Nuwa in Fuxi Mausoleum of Taihao, in which clay dolls have been sold since ancient times. This custom comes from the worship of Nu Wa, the goddess of reproduction. During the temple fair, the local people also sold a clay sculpture of a clay dog, which was called a living fossil of totem cultural relics by historians. There is a monkey with a big face in the mud dog, which looks like a human and a monkey, and its abdomen is painted in the shape of a female vagina. This is the only face in the mud dog, and it is actually Nu Wa.
The goddess of creation in China myth system is Nu Wa, who is said to be in charge of human marriage and reproduction. Nu Wa is the deity of matriarchal clan society. With the improvement of men's status in the clan, male gods appeared again, that is, Fuxi. In fact, Nuwa should be before Fuxi, but when it came to the patriarchal clan, women's status was low, Fuxi's status was higher than Nuwa's, and Nuwa even became Fuxi's sister or wife. Therefore, Nu Wa, who was originally the ancestor, also attached her creative achievements to Fuxi. According to the above discussion, the final conclusion of this view is that the predecessor of Fuxi Mausoleum in Taihao, Huaiyang is Laiwo Temple.
Where is the tomb of Nuwa? Judging from the official attitude of past dynasties, the tomb of Nuwa should be located in Houcun, Shanxi. However, the final conclusion of textual research on ancient books and field investigation is somewhat reasonable, and it is more convincing to study it in combination with folklore. Nu Wa is a figure in myths and legends. Maybe her tomb doesn't exist at all. The so-called Nu Wa Mausoleum is nothing more than a memorial place for future generations. The true and false memorial mausoleum actually shows that Nu Wa is indeed the recognized ancestor of our Chinese nation.