Formally, Buyi folk songs have prose style and rhyme style, but rhyme style is the most national characteristic. These rhymes are handed down in the form of singing, so the Buyi area is called "the sea of poetry".
In order to be easy to express and catchy, Buyi poems mainly use reduplication, reduplication, antithesis and contrast. In particular, repetition is a common lyric way in Buyi folk songs, including paragraph repetition and sentence repetition. There is also a sentence repetition in periodic repetition. There are several forms of rhyme, such as alliteration, waist rhyme and ending rhyme.
Buyi people are good at singing and dancing. If you knock on the bronze drum, you can dance with it. Besides bronze drums, there are weaving dance, flower bag dance, shoulder pole dance, swing dance, transition dance and lion dance.
The Ming army was stationed in Guizhou, and General Nuo took it to Guizhou. Because the military Nuo was originally performed on the flat ground, it was called "local opera". At that time, Anshun area was called "the belly of Guizhou and the throat of Yunnan". Many villages are called Tun, Bao, Shao, Wei, Suo and Ying, where local dramas appear. Local operas were first sung in military camps. With the expansion of military camps and the increase of immigrants, local operas have also spread to Buyi areas.
Buyi people accepted the form of local opera performance, but used their own national language when singing, and incorporated their own music to make it have its own characteristics.
In order to meet the needs of Buyi people, the facial makeup of wood carvings in local operas is mostly black and pink, and literati dramas have been added. These operas were transplanted from Han dramas and adapted from Buyi narrative poems.
Whether transplanted or adapted, it highlights the local characteristics and national color of Buyi people. For example, the Buyi drama Zhu Yingtai, which shows the story of Liang Zhu, is adapted from Buyi narrative poems. Although the plot is the same as Liang Zhu's story, the characters are all Buyi people, the place of study has also moved to Guiyang, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang minor has also become Buyi folk songs.
The local operas in Anshun developed to Kangxi and Qianlong periods in Qing Dynasty, and the actors were divided into life, beauty, ugliness and innocence, all of which were played by men. The role of Buyi local opera is the same, and so is the singing.
In Buyi opera, there is a division of labor between fate, Dan, ugliness, king and general. The stage scheduling of each role is three or five steps, with the opposite singing process, lively form and simple style.
The characters in Buyi Opera all wear unique and simple masks, including wood carvings, bamboo shoot shells and bamboo grate shells. Mainly in red, black, yellow, green, blue and purple, painting, carving and painting often use exaggerated and distorted methods to render on eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth and beard.
During the performance, the actors covered their heads with blue gauze, then hid the mask and looked out through the holes carved in the eyes, nose and mouth, freely showing their performance skills, which became a unique national drama.
The musical instruments used in the performance include ox bone Hu, gourd silk Hu, erhu, flute, Bao, Ma Xiao gong, hairpin, cymbal and drum. Some Buyi opera teams also joined the accompaniment of Leyou and Muye. Instrumental music is mainly used to set off stage emotions and express characters' feelings, and can also be used as silhouette music. Percussion music is relatively simple, mainly used to create a stage atmosphere and master the rhythm of drama.
The music of Buyi Opera consists of singing, instrumental music and percussion music. Because it is in the process of adjustment and development, there is no professional organization so far, and it is difficult to unify the norms. The singing and performances of amateur Buyi opera teams in various places are mostly random and can be roughly divided into two kinds of music.
The first category is positive tune, including positive tune, anti-reed tune, king tune, shouting tune and so on. Among them, orthodox tune is the main aria, and folk songs are the auxiliary aria. The second category consists of ups and downs, whistle cavity, shouting board, light sound, bitter sound and so on. Among them, rising tone and falling tone are the main ones.
In addition, there is a Buyi tone in Buyi drama, which is related to the Zhuang tone bench drama in Guangxi. Qiannan, one of the Buyi inhabited areas, is separated from northern Guangxi by a river. Before the Qianlong reign of Qing Dynasty, the colorful bench plays spread in Xilin, Longlin, Baise, Lingyun, leye county, Tianlin, Jiuzhou and other places in Guangxi. Influenced by Hunan ancient painting plays and Guangxi operas, Buyi operas gradually changed from singing and dancing to theatrical performances.
The singing of Buyi Opera is simple and expressive. The lyrics structure of Buyi Opera is mostly five sentences, seven sentences or upper and lower sentences. The performance of Buyi Opera includes three parts: points, eyes, body and steps, including fingering, fixing eyes, walking around the field, horse stance just look, triangle step, shaking step, ugly step and short step. In the martial arts, there are Ding and Joe.
Buyi Opera has no stage restrictions, and it is performed in the festival of "Spring Festival at the end of the year". Its custom is divided into two parts: "adding officials to open the stage, sweeping the stage and sealing the box". The stage background is mostly the "Eight Immortals" curtain to exorcise evil spirits, pray for blessings and eliminate disasters. Clothing and makeup are relatively simple.
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a Buyi named Wang Youyi in Xingyi County, Guizhou Province. After studying Zhuang Opera in Longlin County and Xilin County, Guangxi, he returned to his hometown and transformed his nation's "eight-tone sitting posture" with his learned opera skills.
Eight-tone sitting and playing is a form of rap of Buyi people. "Eight tones" refers to eight musical instruments accompanying rap, namely, ox bone piano, gourd piano, gong, flute, flute, hairpin, drum and Qin Yue. Eight-tone Tanzi Opera was originally developed from the rap of Eight-tone Tanzi. Wear your own national costume when performing, and the headdress is simple. During the performance, most people sang and danced for Xiao Sheng and Xiao Dan.
The troupe organized by Wang Youyi broke the song and dance pattern of Xiao Sheng and Xiao Dan. He adapted "Seven Sisters" and "Pipa Story" based on China's songbook Mu, and traveled to various villages. Because it absorbed the costumes, makeup and performance skills of Zhuang opera and Guangxi opera, it made the audience feel refreshed. The performance of this troupe caused a sensation in one place.
Wang Youyi also broke the barriers of secular ideas. He was the first to send his only daughter, Wang Xinzhi, to the troupe to study drama, and played Mu in Seven Sisters, which made a sensation in Panjiang. Wang Xin later became the first actress in Buyi Opera.
Before Wang Xinzhi, Buyi Opera had only the best man, and the most influential one was Sheng Mao, a well-known farmer in Guizhou and Guangxi. When Nong Sheng Mao was a child, he learned to sing "the song of the waves and whistle" from his neighbors. After studying under the local dramatist Yang Wei, he learned the singing method and figure of Buyi Opera.
Nong Sheng Mao performed at the age of 10. Later, he became famous for playing Fan Lihua. At the age of seventeen or eighteen, the woman played was more attractive to women, running around the field and being praised by the audience as "the willow swaying in the wind".
The qupai of Buyi Opera, which evolved from the eight-tone piano seat, includes cutting tone, Beijing dialect, rising and falling tone, cover tone, falling bell, tight board, adagio, positive tone, long tone, Wuxing tone, eight-tone tone tone, reverse tone, tea pouring tone and drinking tone. For example, the Buyi drama "Journey to Luoxi" not only has the traditional "eight tones" and hi-tune, cry-tune and folk song tune of Buyi people, but also has the excellent tune of four tones and eight ways in the colorful tune. When singing, it combines the unique true and false voice of Buyi people with the national singing method ending in high notes, which sounds simple, pure and beautiful.
Buyi opera is influenced by Zhuang opera, but after years of development and innovation by Buyi opera artists, the singing and performance methods have distinct Buyi national characteristics. For example, Zhuang opera is played with natural harmony formed by positive and negative sounds, while Buyi opera is played with positive and negative sounds. The tenor beard of Zhuang Opera is made of horse bones, while that of Buyi Opera is mostly made of ox bones. The bass of Zhuang opera is mostly erhu, and the bass of Buyi opera is Huluqin. Generally speaking, the curtain of Zhuang opera is not decorated with paintings, and the curtain of Buyi opera is decorated with paintings, even the ceiling is decorated with paintings. Zhuang drama is divided into "drama" and "drama", while Buyi drama is divided into "drama" and "drama".
Buyi Opera is mainly adapted from Han dramas or ancient stories of the Han nationality, such as Yu Tang Chun, Qin Xianglian, Zhu Yingtai, Farewell to Jingniang, Fan Lihua, The Story of Cinnabar, Three Falls in the South, Four Xiahedong, Yuanmen Slaughter, Five Tigers Pingxi and so on. To show the self-esteem of Han officials.
There was no script at the beginning of the play, and it was all passed down orally. Therefore, the performance is mainly a small drama of life, with short length, more national stories and strong national life characteristics. Later, after a period of development, the remaining Buyi operas have no distinction between "drama" and "drama".
1 1 What are the characteristics of Buyi Opera?
Buyi Opera not only absorbed and integrated Anshun local opera, Qiannan Zhuang opera, Han opera and Miao Duan public opera, but also transplanted and adapted some plays such as Xue, Yue Legend, Four Xiahedong, Wang Yulian and Liang Shanbo. The story of Buyi people's heroic struggle is June 6th. Buyi Opera, based on folklore stories, has repertoires such as "People and Money Are Empty" and "Poor Uncle".
In Buyi opera, a large proportion of plays show that men and women struggle for marriage and pursue love and happiness independently, including Luo, Hong and raki Xing.
Luo Xixing tells the story of a beautiful young girl named Luo Xixing of Buyi nationality in Qing Dynasty who was forced by her parents to marry someone she didn't love. In her husband's family, she was abused by her parents-in-law. She once fantasized about trying to change her situation, but the cruel facts of life educated her. With the help of her lover, she finally rushed out of the cage of feudal ethics and both fled the rolling Nanpanjiang River to find a new life.
Later, people adapted Luo Xixing, and Luo Xixing's unyielding fighting spirit was deeply and reasonably expressed, which made her rebellious image of resisting feudal toast and pursuing freedom of marriage even more dazzling. In addition, her struggle for freedom of marriage with Ah Pin was also supported by the villagers.
In the adaptation, Luo Xixing didn't marry her husband's family, but was tied to a sedan chair by Ding Qiang, the housekeeper of Uncle Nong, who was leading the troops, and robbed him of his family, and was forced to marry Uncle Nong's son, Nong Er.
At this time, Luo Xixing took out half a piece of clothes, a pin and affectionate money from his lover. Finally, in order to be loyal to love, she prepared to commit suicide with scissors, which showed her determination to fight evil with death. She sings:
Half a dress, hold it in your hand, think and think; When an apricot falls from its cage, it is bitter. Well, don't say that you decided to get married before, just because people are chained. Don't say that everyone's life is not good, just because there are many tigers and wolves in the world. Brother Pin, you know my sister's mind, even if you are in a frying pan with me. The chain is worn as a bracelet and the steel knife is used as a bench. I have my brother's clothes to go with my sister. My sister closed her eyes when she went to the grave ... Tears wet my brother's clothes, and I drank my sister's blood with a knife. Blood spilled on the tiger's nest to show my innocence.
In order to rescue Luo Xixing, his father, Uncle Luo, rushed into the farmer's house with a knife and was stabbed to death by three dogs. Uncle Nong's helper, Afa, was shot dead by an arrow on the way to escape from her marriage with her lover, A Ping. Ah Pin's best friend, Luo Xixing, the owner of the club, and Ah Xian all bravely fought with Uncle Nong and his housekeeper to protect the couple from the wolf's den.
The story of the Buyi drama Luo is somewhat similar to Luo Xixing. In order to oppose the arranged marriage of his parents, Luo did not go to her husband Lu Xiuwen's house, but fled with her lover Lu.
In Red, three Buyi girls, Meiqin, Meikuai and Meihua, who are opposed to arranged marriage, tie their hair together and jump into the surging Red River to express their strong accusation and resistance to the feudal marriage system with death.
There are also many stories reflecting witty characters in Buyi Opera, the most representative of which is 198 1 performed "People and Money are Empty". The play is adapted from the Buyi folk story "The Story of Kuang Family" and from the book "Enjoy the Eight Great Villages". This story eulogizes the wisdom of workers and exposes the ugly faces of the rich through one incident and one plot.
"A" is an orphan in Buyi language, "Jin" is clever, and "Kuang family story" is another name for "story". Jin Jia is the prototype of black armor in Buyi drama "People and Money Are Empty".
There are only two scenes in this play. The villains are the old man and his wife, the rich woman, and the positive figures are the old man's long-term laborer Heijia and the matchmaker Jiang Sao. The content of the play is about an old man who wants to marry Wang's daughter, Wang, as a bride and ask Jiang's sister-in-law to act as matchmaker on the pretext of collecting rent and issuing bonds at the riverside pavilion.
Mrs. Jiang thought to herself, "The old stupid cow is looking for flowers. He came to collect rent in May and June, and everyone in the village was worried that he would laugh. This immoral thing cannot be done. " Therefore, coupled with the black armor sent by the rich woman to monitor the elderly, it is ostensibly under the guise of doing good for the elderly. In fact, she took advantage of the old man's weakness of being afraid of his wife and being stupid, and made him make a written evidence to forgive the debts owed by the riverside pavilion village over the years.
Later, when Lao Cai and his second sister were "meeting the bride", they secretly invited a rich woman, which made Sigh, who was afraid of his wife, end up with "both money and people". The sharp class struggle in the whole play is manifested in a humorous, satirical and witty comedy atmosphere. Whether positive or negative, they have outstanding personalities and vivid images.
Poor Uncle is also one of Buyi's plays reflecting his witty character. Poor uncle, also known as three grannies, or Budang. It is said that there are three sons-in-law in a village of Buyi nationality. The first son-in-law and the second son-in-law are rich, and the third son-in-law is poor but smart. One day, three sons-in-law went to their father-in-law's house. My father-in-law is too poor to love rich people, and he is very enthusiastic about his eldest son-in-law and his second son-in-law. The third son-in-law was sent to another house to eat and live, and he used hemp fiber as a quilt. In a rage, his uncle came up with a way to punish them.
The third son-in-law tore off the hemp fiber and twisted it into a rope. In the middle of the night, the eldest son-in-law and the second son-in-law were tied together, and the neighing of horses alarmed them. When they went to the stable to see the horses, he went into the house and put the feces on their beds. The eldest son-in-law and the second son-in-law came back to the room and saw it. They were afraid that their father-in-law would blame them and had to leave their father-in-law's house overnight.
The next day, my father-in-law didn't see the eldest son-in-law and the second son-in-law having breakfast together and asked where they were going. The third son-in-law found an excuse to go up the mountain to find them, and took the opportunity to hang the hemp fiber hat on the mountain, claiming that they were embarrassed to go down the mountain and wanted food.
The old man in the village brought wine and meat, and the third son-in-law ate it alone on the mountain and buried the leftovers in the soil. In the afternoon, he invited his father-in-law to go hunting in the mountains. When my father-in-law was hungry and wanted to eat, he took out the knife he carried with him, claiming that "Bao Dao" could dig for food, and dug up the soil with a knife on the spot for his father-in-law. My father-in-law appreciated his nod and bought it one by one with a lot of money. His uncle walked away with silver coins for selling knives.
The plot of Poor Uncle is full of twists and turns, which is very humorous and very popular with the audience.
In the performances of Buyi Opera, many performances are bilingual. For example, before the performance of the main play, "introduction", "self-introduction" and "self-introduction" were all in Chinese, while lyric singing, dialogue and gag were all in Buyi language.
This bilingual art form, which pays equal attention to stage dancing and singing, has gradually formed a fixed model of its transplanted drama, which fully shows the rich national artistic characteristics and artistic characteristics of the transplanted drama.
In the process of continuous development, Buyi people are good at absorbing nutrients from China culture and developing their own culture. They regard transplanting drama as a bridge to drama culture. These plays are deeply loved by Buyi people, and are standardized, copied and integrated into the cultural connotation of Buyi people in their favorite artistic forms.
Buyi opera is mainly passed down by the folk amateur troupe in the village. Generally, there are more than 30 troupes, based on natural villages and led by troupes. Every year during the Spring Festival, each class will perform for the village or the village without a troupe, praying for disaster relief, exorcising ghosts and eliminating epidemics.
Buyi Opera has more than 100 performances. In the past, Buyi people had no written language, and drama communication was only taught by dramatists, or the cost of Buyi pronunciation was recorded in Chinese characters. Disasters in history and the death of old dramatists have caused most of the plays to be destroyed and lost. According to statistics, there are only more than 80 existing plays. Among them, Poor Uncle, Money and People and Luo Xixing won national awards.