The historical origin of 1 cuju
Cuju is also called Cuju, Cuqiu and Chu Yuan, which means kicking. "Bow" and "circle" mean ball. "Cuju" and "Ju" are linked together, which means kicking the ball with your feet, that is, "football". Cuju in ancient China is the oldest football sport recorded in historical research and historical materials. It is understandable that ancient football originated in China, but there are different opinions about the historical origin of ancient football in China. According to historical documents, there are three opinions and conclusions about the historical origin of ancient Cuju in China: one is the theory of the historical origin of the Yellow Emperor; Second, the theory of the historical origin of Yin Shang; The third is the theory of the historical origin of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
I. On the Historical Origin of the Yellow Emperor Liu Xiang, a bibliographer and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, wrote in the article Bielu: "Cuju players are said to have been made by the Yellow Emperor or began in the Warring States Period. Remember the Yellow Emperor, Cuju and the military situation, and you can practice samurai and know how to be talented. If you have nothing to do with the army, you have to make it very embarrassing. " Later, Liu Xin, the son of Zong Zheng Liu Xiang, also mentioned in the book "Seven Views": "Cuju players, rumors about what the Yellow Emperor did."
There are also related records in Liu Xiang's Shuo Yuan. It is said that Cuju was invented by the Yellow Emperor to train foot soldiers. According to the above historical records, it is estimated that the ancient cuju was invented by the Yellow Emperor in the early days and was used for military training and combat. However, the relevant historical documents are all legends. Because the Yellow Emperor is regarded as the "ancestor of mankind" in China, people worship and entrust him, and later generations are used to trusting and endowing him, so they exaggerate and myth him. At present, the results of the theory of the origin of the Yellow Emperor have not been confirmed in detail by relevant experts.
Second, the theory of the historical origin of Yin Shang. In the second dynasty in the history of China, football dance was regarded as the origin of football. Among them, there is a passage in the Oracle bone inscriptions in Yin Ruins: "Geng Yin supplements, Zhen: dance from taste, from rain." The so-called character "Pin" is Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which is a kind of hieroglyphics. The upper part of the character is like a ball, representing football; The lower part looks like a pair of feet, representing a person, which means that people are kicking the ball with their feet. However, after research and demonstration, many experts and scholars do not agree with this view. It is generally believed that the interpretation of the meaning of this contract is slightly different, it has many meanings, and it is not easy to draw conclusions with general guesses, which is not enough to convince the world.
The third argument is the theory of historical origin in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Ancient Cuju originated from Linzi, the capital of Qi during the Warring States Period, which was generally recognized by many experts and scholars. Especially in Historical Records and Warring States Policy, there are similar words clearly recorded: Historical Records? In Biography of Su Qin, Su Qin, a famous military strategist, described the scene when he persuaded the King of Qi to surrender in Linzi at that time: "In the land of Qi for more than 2,000 miles, Linzi is very rich and real, and its people play flute, drum, play the piano, fight cocks, walk dogs, build six blogs and kneel down." Ge Hong of Jin Dynasty also recorded in Miscellanies of Xijing: "The Emperor moved to Chang 'an and lived in the palace, but he was unhappy. Emperor gaozu secretly asked the reason, and his whole life's interests were selling teenagers, wine and cakes, and fighting chicken and cuju, which was endless fun. Today, there is no such thing, so he is unhappy. Gaozu is Xinfeng, and it is true to touch old friends. The emperor's father was very happy ... "
This further shows that Linzi, the capital of Qi at that time, was the birthplace of Cuju, and it has developed into a way of entertainment and enjoyment, which is widely popular among the people. But the most convincing thing is that at the closing ceremony of FIFA) 100 celebration held in Zurich, Switzerland, FIFA President Joseph? Mr. Blatter awarded the "Certificate of Origin of Football" to Linzi, the birthplace of football. Once again, it proves the reliability of the origin theory of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Cuju entered the development period in Han Dynasty.
Everything in the world has its inevitable origin, development and ups and downs, which is the basic law of the development of things. Cuju in ancient China, as a kind of behavior and phenomenon of traditional culture, entered a particularly important development period in the Han Dynasty after its emergence. At present, the promotion of Cuju is universal and novel, and there are certain competition requirements and systems.
Under the influence of feudal rule, Dong Yan, the favorite of Princess Guantao's family, recruited a group of high-energy cuju players in the palace for the emperor to appreciate in order to please the Emperor. "So dong to dote on, the world is famous. Ma Cuju, the national dog of the county, speaks to Dong Shi. Often from the game Gong Bei, galloping for peace, watching the meeting of the chicken and the bow, the foot of the dog and the horse is endless. ”[6]
Huan Kuan in the Han Dynasty said in "On Salt and Iron": "Cuju cockfighting is in the home of nobles", which means that Cuju cockfighting is also in the home of high officials and nobles; "The village has customs, the party has fields, the road rushes forward, and the dome steps on the bow." It refers to people chasing and Mercedes-Benz cuju for fun in hutongs. All the above historical data show that Cuju has been popularized, and emperors, nobles and ordinary people are equally enthusiastic about it. In the Han Dynasty, the form and system of cuju were also innovated and created, and the relevant competition rules were formulated. The representative is Cheng Juming written by Li You, a writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which says: "The square wall with a round bow looks like yin and yang. The method of monthly knot is right, 26 is equal to. The building is long and flat, and its appearance is ordinary. No personal relationship, no personal relationship. If you are calm, don't complain. If you are still in politics, you can take power. "
The text reflects the competition method, venue specifications, the distribution of people on the field and the number of people participating in the competition. It shows that the perfection and integrity of the rules of Cuju competition in Han Dynasty have been formed. Specifically, it is: "Building a long and standing flat has its own characteristics. Don't be intimate, there is no personal. " It means that both teams should have captains; There must be a referee in the competition, asking the referee not to be selfish, to put aside the blood relationship and to enforce the law fairly. It can be seen that as early as the Han Dynasty, Cuju also established the system and discipline of football referee law enforcement competition, which is worth thinking and learning by future generations.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Cuju reached its peak.
Cuju flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties. During this period, the economy developed rapidly and the social politics was stable. Not only the essence and form of Cuju were greatly improved, but also the women's Cuju movement in feudal society was vigorously developed and popularized.
First of all, the "bow" has been substantially improved. Compared with the "bow" in Han dynasty, the whole is solid. "Yi Wen Zhi" has a note: "Wei is the purpose, and things are the essence." "Wei" is the surface of "bow", made of animal fur; "thing" refers to things like hair, which are filled in the "bow"; The "bow" in the Tang Dynasty was the mental method of 1, which was round at first because it was square; The prosthetic hand is sealed and will eventually be full but not overflowing. "; Xu Jian, a Tang Dynasty man, also recorded in the Book of Beginners: "In ancient times, it was wrapped in wool, but now it is made of skin, with cells as the interior, which can be made overnight and with qi." "Its manufacturing process is very complicated. First roast the animal skin with fire, and then rub it repeatedly with warm water until the skin becomes soft. There are animal urine bubbles in it, which are blown into balls in the skin, and then the cut skin is sewn up. After the development of Cuju in Song Dynasty, the evolution and production level of Cuju have been innovated. In the "Cuju Pu", it is recorded as follows: "When the yellow skin is cooked, the real material is lightly cut. Close seam, no exposed angle. " And "twelve fragrant skins, square and round as the sky." A group of fragrant cells, mother and son belong together. The predecessor of "harmony", color health, is more important than fourteen Liang. Embedded in a deep nest, pear blossoms can be played, tiger paws can be seen, money on the side is short and difficult to sew, and six-leaf peaches are envious. " In Song Dynasty, "Ju" changed eight pieces of leather into twelve pieces, and sewed the skins with internal sewing method before turning over, so that the surface of "Ju" would not be exposed and the surface would be more rounded and lubricated. The weight requirement is 14, which is about 434 grams today, which is basically the same as the weight of modern football.
Compared with Han dynasty, the form of cuju in Tang dynasty has changed. For example, the goal of cuju in Han Dynasty was to dig holes in the ground, and whoever kicked more holes in the ground was the winner. In the Tang Dynasty, the goal was specially designed and invented, and there were two types: double goal and single goal. In the Tang Dynasty, the goal was generally higher, because the weight of the "bow" became lighter at the same time, so it could be kicked very high. Two three-foot bamboo poles are used as goalposts, and a net is pulled in the middle as a goal. However, the form of Cuju in Song Dynasty is more inclined to entertainment, competition and performing arts. On the one hand, it is mainly reflected in the continuation of single-goal cuju in the Tang Dynasty, on the other hand, it is a change in the form of cuju for nothing.
Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the rules and techniques are more perfect and meticulous, mainly including more than ten kicking methods such as shoulder, back, turn, take, control, grip, drag, knee, racket and sickle. There are also fixed areas and routes in the game, and it is not allowed to go out of bounds. Cuju in Song Dynasty, as a symbol of its prosperous period, is represented by the appearance of the national Cuju industry team "Yun Qi Club" and the most authoritative national Cuju event "Mountain Competition". "Especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties, both court women and folk women were generally keen on cuju, a highly entertaining sport, especially in the form of' beating for nothing'. Zhao Wen, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said in the poem "Memories of Playing the flute on the Phoenix Tower": "White jade is twisted, and incense sticks are twisted. For whom, it is specially organized. Envy the flower god, have this leisure. I suspected it was a bow and boots cuju. I just kicked it and hung it in the flowers by mistake. Fang Xin said that tea is pale and jade core has no face. Wang Jian, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, also wrote in Gong Ci: "The makeup powder is not left tomorrow, but always by the flowering tree in Chaoyang. People who eat cold food are always beaten in vain, and the money is scattered in the library first. The way of "beating in vain" is that two people kick each other, or many people kick each other equally; There is no goal, and the style of kicking high and kicking low is often used for entertainment. This traditional female form continued until the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
The development and innovation of Cuju in the Tang and Song Dynasties were extremely extensive and active, and further penetrated into the daily life and culture of ordinary people. It can be said that Cuju in Song Dynasty reached a peak on the basis of prosperity in Tang Dynasty.
4 Cuju went to the decline period of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
The development of Cuju began to decline after the Yuan Dynasty, and gradually faded and shrank. The reason is that the Mongols unified the whole country because of the alien rule in the social background. Cuju, a favorite sport of Han people, men, women and children, is no longer valued by the rulers. In addition, the country's demise has also been dealt a heavy blow. Originally, the officials, ministers and elites who loved Cuju in society have long since ceased to exist and are fragmented, leaving only a group of down-and-out literati, prostitutes and other idle people enjoying Cuju. Saduqi, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, recorded in the song "Cuju for Prostitutes": "If Taoism wishes to cherish jade and fragrance in the bridal chamber, it will feast the green crown, the breeze and the bright moon, and make six fragrant skins as in-laws." He lost her charm and she became more beautiful. It seems that there have never been so many female captains, and Suiyuan Club often wrestles and occupies the field to accompany some heroes. " [ 13]
It can be seen that cuju has become a tool for prostitutes to please men for entertainment and debauchery, and gradually let the world think that cuju is a low-level fun activity.
In the Ming Dynasty, Cuju became a pure entertainment game without competition. Even cuju with a single goal has been banned, leaving only cuju in the form of "beating in vain", but it is not what it used to be. Second, after Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, he ordered the generals and foot soldiers in the army not to entertain with cuju, so as not to affect and interfere with the drills and operations of foot soldiers with toys. Cuju performances are not allowed at banquets inside and outside the court. Gu Qiyuan, an official in the Ming Dynasty, wrote in the historical book Hakka Waihua: "In the twenty-second year of Hongwu, on March 25th, officers and men were ordered to learn singing, cutting their tongues, playing chess, playing backgammon and unloading their armor ..." Obviously, in the Ming Dynasty, Cuju lacked the love and support of dignitaries and rulers, and the upper class also felt that it was inferior and rejected it. In the end, even entertainment and play were replaced by "shuttlecock" and gradually withdrew from the historical stage.
After the history entered the Qing Dynasty, it is difficult to see the records of Cuju in the world from historical documents. The main reason lies in the influence of Manchu on China culture. Manchu people like horseback riding, hunting, archery and wrestling, which has a great influence on China Cuju. For example, in the early Qing Dynasty, the emperor shunzhi once banned Manchuria, Mongols, Han troops, Han people and people of all colors from playing cuju; Later, during the Qianlong period, the emperor decreed that all cuju activities were prohibited, so it was greatly restricted among the people. Second, since the development of Cuju in Qing Dynasty, there is no fixed form and content. "Cuju on the ice" appeared in the middle of Qing Dynasty, but it has lost its traditional culture and efficacy. In addition, skating is a Manchu tradition, and it is difficult to combine skills with cuju, so few people can master the activity and fail to inherit and develop it. The combination change of Cuju skills and methods did not promote its leading innovation, on the contrary, it further went to the brink of extinction. It can be seen that the long-term existence of any traditional cultural form must have a certain mass base and extraordinary creative value.