Hua Mulan (4 12 -502), whose deeds have been passed down to this day, is a heroine in ancient China, loyal and filial, and passed down through the ages on behalf of her father who defeated the invading nation in the army. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty named her "General Filial Piety".
The spread of Mulan story should be attributed to the folk song Mulan Ci, but the surname and native place of Mulan are not recorded in the history books.
Hua Mulan's deeds are shown in many literary works, such as movies, TV dramas, song and dance Henan operas, etc.
Mulan is one of the four legendary heroines in ancient China, and also a legendary heroine in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. Her story is also a tragic and heroic epic.
Mulan first appeared in a narrative poem "Mulan Ci" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, written in the Northern Wei Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and originally recorded in Chen's "Ancient and Modern Music Record" in the Southern Dynasties. The monk wise craftsman said in the Record of Ancient and Modern Music: "Mulan is nameless." It was more than 300 words long and was later polished by the literati of Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Xu Wei, a writer in Ming Dynasty, adapted Mulan Poetry into Female Mulan Joining the Army as Father. In the play, she calls herself "My surname is Hua Ming Mulan. When my ancestors went to the Western Han Dynasty, I lived in Wei County, Hebei Province. My father's name is Sangzhi and he has been practicing martial arts all his life. He was also a famous commander in the old days. " From then on, Mulan's father's name was Hua Arc, her sister's name was Hua Menglian, her brother's name was Hua Xiong and her mother's name was Hua Yuanshi. "Female Mulan" in the Qing Dynasty also said: "Although Mulan is detailed in ancient Yuefu. According to the Ming Dynasty, there was a story about Han Zhen's daughter, which was similar to Mulan's story, so Wei changed it. Mulan is unknown, and the name of jacquard bright arc in the book and the marriage with Wang Lang were all invented by Wei. "
Zu Chongzhi's Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi and Li Kang's Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi all mentioned that Mulan was surnamed Hua. When Mulan's real name was Zhu, Huangpi County Records in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty said: "Mulan, the daughter of Zhu in this county, was born in the early Tang Dynasty ... a fake man joined the army instead of his father, ... and her home was still at the foot of Mulan Mountain." Jiao Hong also said in Shi Jiao Bi Cheng: "Mulan, the daughter of Zhu, takes the place of her father. Today, Huangpi County in Huangzhou is 70 miles north, namely Mulan County in Suiyuan. There are Mulan Mountain, the Shenlong Hall of the Shogunate and the Zhonglie Temple, which are enough to make up for the lack of Yuefu inscriptions. " However, there is a saying that Mulan is surnamed Wei, and there is also a saying that Mulan is surnamed Han. According to "New Tang Book", "Girl Mulan, surnamed Ren".
Historical background
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, nomadic people in the north constantly harassed the south, and the Northern Wei regime stipulated that each family should send a man to the front. However, Mulan's father was too old and sickly to go to war, and her younger brother was still young, so Mulan decided to join the army instead of her father and began her military life for more than ten years. Going to the border to fight is a hard job for many men, and Mulan has to hide her identity and kill the enemy with her friends, which is even more difficult than ordinary people who join the army! Fortunately, Mulan finally fulfilled her mission and returned home in triumph decades later. Because of her great contribution, the emperor pardoned her for cheating the monarch, and at the same time believed that she was capable of serving in the court and holding an official position. However, Mulan refused because she had an old father to take care of at home, and asked the emperor to let her go back to China to make compensation and honor her parents.
For thousands of years, Mulan has always been a respected woman in China, because she is brave and simple. 1998, American Disney Company adapted Mulan's story into an animated cartoon, which was welcomed all over the world.
Mulan Poetry has been included in middle school textbooks and sung by thousands of people in Qian Qian for several generations. Mulan's deeds and image have been put on the stage and will be immortal. Her spirit has inspired thousands of Chinese sons and daughters to defend their country, which is touching.
Historical debate
Mulan's surname, native place, etc. There is no record in the history books, so the dispute between Mulan has always existed throughout the ages. Where is her hometown? There has been a debate in history.
Xu Peng pointed out in 1962 Mulan Poem published in the No.97 issue of Selected Works of China: "About Mulan's surname and native place ... some people say that she is from Qiaoxian, some people say that she is from Songzhou, some people say that she is from Huangzhou, and some people say that she is from Shangqiu."
During the reign of Emperor Gong of Sui Dynasty in Yining, the Turks invaded the frontier, Mulan disguised herself as a man, joined the army instead of her father, and fought in the battlefield for 12 years, making many meritorious deeds. No one found out that she was a woman, and she was named Shangshu after returning to the DPRK. In the Tang Dynasty, he was named "General Filial Piety" and was commemorated in a shrine.
Mulan Ancestral Hall was founded in the Tang Dynasty. During the Taihe period of Jin Dynasty (A.D.1201-kloc-0/208), a captain from Wu Dun returned to the wine supervisor in Yingguo Town, Gushu County, Defu, rebuilt three halls and temples respectively, and made statues of Mulan. In the second year of Zhiyuan (AD 1334), the tablet is now in front of the main hall of Mulan Ancestral Hall. Liang, Yin of Suiyang County, proposed to raise 2500 yuan for reconstruction and expansion. In the 11th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1807), the tablet is now in front of the main hall of Mulan Ancestral Hall. Monks in the temple, Jane Jean and Jane can raise funds with their disciples Tian He, Tian Zhen and Song Tian to build this monument. Due to the reconstruction of past dynasties, the temple covers an area of 1 10,000 square meters, with more than 400 mu of temple land and more than 0 abbots 10.
Unfortunately, this quaint shrine was destroyed by war in 1943. Now there are two surviving monuments. First, in the Yuan Dynasty, there was a monument on the east side of the temple gate "Distinguishing the meaning of general filial piety". The monument is bluestone, 3.6m high and 1 m wide. Both the front and back of the monument are deeply embossed Erlong Yunli play beads, which are symmetrical in layout and generous in shape. The inscription on the seal script is "Correcting the portrait of General Xiao Lie". The four sides of the monument are engraved with patterns, and the top is engraved with two dragon balls by exaggerating the wave temperature. The faucet is big and realistic, and the dragon body is simple and compact, and it is vivid and wonderful. Both sides are engraved with peony patterns, and the lines are lively and smooth, simple but not vulgar. Inscription 3 1 line, full of 68 words, its carved books are exquisite and vigorous. The turtle seat is 0.7 meters high, its head is turtle-shaped, its tail is straight, and its limbs are semi-curved. It looks like lying and lifelike. Inscription: In the second year of Yuan Dynasty, his ancestral home was Tang Deli, and Hou Youzao wrote it. Cao Zhou Li Kejun and Li Ying carved this stone. The monument was appraised by experts, and it is indeed a real stone carving of the Yuan Dynasty. 1982, the monument was rebuilt at the expense of the provincial cultural relics bureau. The roof is sedan-chair-shaped, with four ridges on the spire, and the eaves cover 17 floors. The front and rear garden doors are simple and elegant, and there are walls around the monument building. The other is the monument of "Remember the name of General Xiao Lie" in Qing Dynasty, which stands on the west side of the temple gate. It is 2. 14m high and 0.78m wide, with a square seat. The tablet body is engraved with a deep relief dragon with the title of seal script, and the inscription is an official book. The stone is carved by students from Shangqiu County, Guide House, and students from Shangqiu County, Meng and Mangshan. From 65438 to 0993, Yucheng County held the first Mulan Culture Festival in China. Famous Chinese historians gathered in Shangqiu to analyze the contents of Mulan Ci and the remaining records of Yuanbei. There is no doubt that Mulan's hometown is Yucheng.
history
The words on Hou Youzao's inscription "Revision of the Statue of General Filial Piety" in Yuan Dynasty are still legible.
The stone tablet of "Distinguishing the Statue of General Filial Piety" is matched with the whole poem of "Mulan Ci". The inscription begins: "General Wei, female, whose name is Mulan ... Suiyang is eighty miles in the south and east, and its name is Yingkuo, that is, the square of ancient Bo and the market of filial piety. A shrine statue was also built, and the natives also worshipped on April 8, which was the birth of a general. " According to "Shangqiu County Records Lienv" Volume 11, "Mulan's surname is Wei, and she is a virgin. Khan handed down from generation to generation to recruit soldiers, and Mao, Mulan's father, won, and all his siblings were childish. Generously on his behalf, he took the armor and quiver. Cao Ge galloped away, and a year later, there were eight battles in ten miles, and no one knew. After Kay came back, the son of heaven praised his achievements. In addition to the ministers, I sincerely played the mothering. Then he went home, took off his military uniform and put on his old clothes. People in the same trade were frightened, so they heard about it in North Korea. A shrine statue was also built, and the natives also worshipped on April 8, which was the birth of a general. " According to "Shangqiu County Records Lienv" Volume 11, "Mulan's surname is Wei, and she is a virgin. Khan handed down from generation to generation to recruit soldiers, and Mao, Mulan's father, won, and all his siblings were childish. Generously on his behalf, he took the armor and quiver. Cao Ge galloped away, and a year later, there were eight battles in ten miles, and no one knew. After Kay came back, the son of heaven praised his achievements. In addition to the ministers, I sincerely played the mothering. Then he went home, took off his military uniform and put on his old clothes. People in the same trade were frightened, so they heard about it in North Korea.
Call back que, want to close the palace. Mulan said, "I am not as polite as your majesty." . I refused it with my death oath, but I was forced to disobey it and committed suicide. The emperor was frightened, posthumously awarded the general, and' filial piety' it. "It means that Mulan, surnamed Wei, resigned after joining the army for her father. When the emperor knew the truth, he wanted to call her to the harem, but Mulan would rather die than surrender, and she committed suicide. The emperor was shocked, so he posthumously awarded Mulan the title of "General". At present, there is still a Mulan ancestral temple in Yucheng, Henan Province. There is a statue of Mulan in the temple, and two monuments remain, one is the "right to know filial piety" in the Yuan Dynasty and the other is the "right to know filial piety" in the Qing Dynasty. There are also stories of Mulan joining the army in various local folklore and ballads.
In the Sui Dynasty, a heroine dressed as a man appeared in our country, which is well known as Mulan. Later generations built Mulan Ancestral Hall in Yingguo Town, Yucheng County, her hometown, in order to offer sacrifices to her. This temple was built in the Tang Dynasty and has been rebuilt and expanded many times. By the Qing Dynasty, it covered an area of over 10,000 square meters. There are more than 100 rooms in the original temple, including the gate, the main hall, the sacrificial hall, the back building, the annex room, the monk's room and so on. Inside and outside the wall, there are tall Tang Huai cypresses. In the corridor of the gate, there is a statue of Mulan's war horse with a statue of Mulan's family on it. Inside and outside the ancestral hall, there are more than ten inscriptions on poems, paintings and calligraphy praised by celebrities and officials in past dynasties. Du Zeng, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote: "Bowing down to be a chivalrous man once had a thrush dream. Think about a few drinks and pile them on the clouds to wish Fei Ming. " Cha Qichang in Qing Dynasty said in a poem: "Pashou bowed his waist and stepped out of the pavilion, and finished writing the monument. The girl left a flower name, and the spring breeze once blew. "
The original temple was destroyed in the war of 1943. Now there are two stone tablets. First, the differentiation monument of the Yuan Dynasty filial piety statue standing on the east side of the main entrance of the shrine is 3.6 meters high and 1 meter wide. 1982 rebuilt the stele building, with a sedan chair-shaped roof, four ridges at the spire, a eaves height of 17 floors, and garden doors in front and back, which is simple and elegant. 1. In the Qing Dynasty, the monument "Remembering the Wrong Name of General Xiao Lie's Temple" stood on the west side outside the temple gate, with a height of 2.14m and a width of 0.78m.. The main contents of the two monuments are the time, hometown, deeds, ancestral temple and statues of Mulan.
According to the analysis of inscriptions, De Jian and related documents since the Tang Dynasty, Mulan's surname is Wei and Mulan, who was born in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and died in Sui Dynasty. My hometown is Yucheng Weizhuang (now abandoned) in the north of England. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Han recruited soldiers. Originally, Mulan's father wanted to recruit, but he was too old and weak to recruit. And the only Mulan brother who can replace him is young. In desperation, Mulan disguised herself as a man and joined the army instead of her father. Twelve years in the battlefield, repeatedly made meritorious military service. After returning from the frontier defense, the Northern Zhou Dynasty was dead and met Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen named her Shangshu, but she refused to grant it. After returning home, she took off her military uniform and put on her old clothes, revealing her daughter's true colors again. Later, when the court learned about this, it called her to Beijing and wanted to accept her as a princess, but Mulan refused by death.
According to modern textual research, Mulan's poem was written by Mulan according to her own experience. In the Tang Dynasty, Mulan was posthumously awarded as a general and a shrine was built in her former residence to commemorate her.
glaveyard
Mulan Ancestral Hall was founded in the Tang Dynasty. During the Taihe period of Jin Dynasty (120 1- 1208), a captain returned to Degufu (now Gushu County (now Yucheng County, Shangqiu City)), and Wu, the wine supervisor of Yingguo Town, rebuilt three halls and temples respectively and made statues of Mulan. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1334), Governor Liang of Suiyang proposed to raise 2500 yuan for reconstruction and expansion. In the 11th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1807), the monks Jane Jean and Jane Ke and their disciples Tian He, Tian Zhen and Song Tian raised funds to repair the temple and erect a monument. Due to the reconstruction of past dynasties, the temple covers an area of 1 10,000 square meters, with more than 400 mu of temple land and more than 0 abbots 10.
Do textual research
Related records
Hua Mulan (one said that she was born in 4 12 and died in 502 at the age of 90; One said he was born in 406. The story of 1000 has spread widely, and it has been a household name for more than 2000 years, but there are still different opinions about her surname, former residence and date of birth.
As for her surname, some people say it's Zhu, some people say it's Mulan, and some people say it's Wei. Xu Wei in the Ming Dynasty said in Four Sounds Apes that her surname was Hua, Mulan, her father Hua Arc (Zhu) was a reserve officer, her sister Hua Menglian, her brother Hua Xiong, her mother Yuan, and her family of five. This is still an accepted statement.
After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, after hundreds of years of artistic re-creation, the artistic image of "Mulan" became more and more perfect. Up to now, there are more than 20 kinds of Mulan operas, including Peking Opera, Yue Opera, Han Opera, Kunqu Opera, Shaanxi Opera, Pingju Opera and Huangmei Opera, especially the master Chang Xiangyu's Mulan has toured the whole country. Mulan has a far-reaching influence among the people, and the title of Mulan is gradually "fixed" in people's minds.
Besides, Zhu surnamed Mulan. Don Bai Juyi said in Magnolia: "It is strange that Mulan used to be a girl." Du Mu also wrote a poem entitled "Mulan Temple": "Bow fights for people, and once had the dream of thrush. I have thought about returning wine several times, pushing the clouds to Zhu. " It can be seen that the story of Mulan has become a household name in the Tang Dynasty. Dushili Mulan Temple is located in Yucheng County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, and there are still sites such as Mulan Ancestral Hall, Mulan Tomb and Jiangjunfang. There are Mulan Mountain, Shenlong Hall of the Shogunate and Zhonglie Temple, which are enough to make up for the lack of Yuefu inscriptions. According to the above historical data, some experts and scholars believe that Mulan should be surnamed Zhu.
In addition, there are also sayings that "Han" is surnamed Mulan, a native of Langzhong, Sichuan, surnamed Mulan and Xianbei. ? After consulting the most authoritative dictionary of words, the explanation is: "Mulan's surname is either Hua, Zhu or Mu, and it has not been confirmed.
Hou Youzao wrote "Revision of the Statue of General Xiao Lie" and said: "General Wei, a virgin, is named Mulan. Over the years, according to discipline, we have won eight out of ten wars and changed our policy twelve times. During the pilgrimage, the emperor was satisfied with his bravery and awarded the title of Shangshuling. If you don't go, listen carefully. Mercenaries returned to Qiaofu, Zhao Wuji's room, Yi Rong's clothes and boudoir costumes were all horrified. Saltiness means that from the day the people were born, there was no cover. The guard came back with a shock and heard a different voice from North Korea. When he was recalled to the palace and wanted to take him into the palace, the general said, I don't have your manners. Refuse to die. Forced by power, he committed suicide. Therefore, there is mourning for filial piety ... "Hua Mulan's deeds have been passed down to this day, mainly due to the swan song of Mulan Ci, a long narrative poem praising the legendary story of Hua Mulan disguised as a man and joined the army as her father.
Dating textual research
As for the date of birth, Yao Ying said in "A Journey to Kang" that she came to Xuan Wudi from Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty; Song Xiangfeng's Guo Tinglu said that she was Emperor Yangdi, and Cheng Dachang's Yan Fanlu said that she was in the early Tang Dynasty. According to the description of the folk song "Mulan Ci" (also known as "Mulan Poetry") in the Northern Dynasties, there are two main folk opinions about the historical age of Mulan:
The first statement is:
During the Taizu period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Hua Mulan joined the army as her father and participated in the battle of breaking Rouran in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Mulan participated in the Northern Wei Dynasty's battle to attack the desert for many times, and her performance was outstanding, but no one found out that she was a woman. After the war, the court wanted to make her a businessman, but she politely refused.
The second statement is:
This statement comes from the novel Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties written by Chu people in Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Gong of Sui Dynasty in Yining, the Turks invaded the frontier, and Mulan disguised herself as a man and joined the army instead of her father. She fought in the battlefield for many years and made many meritorious deeds. Being captured after fighting with Dou Xianniang, Xian Niang confirmed her female identity and became sisters with her. When Dou Jiande was defeated, Fairy asked Mulan to send a message to McCullough. On the way, Mulan went back to her hometown to visit her parents. Unfortunately, Khan learned that Hua Hero was her daughter and wanted to recruit her to the palace. Hua Mulan gave the letter to her sister Hua Youlan, entrusted her to deliver the letter on her behalf, and then committed suicide. (Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties 56, 57, 60? )。