Darwin didn't, mainly because he lived in two different eras, almost 200 years later than Newton. His era, the development of modern science, was of course not the founder, and Darwin's base, Planck, had many experimental and mathematical methods.
BR/>； Planck Karl ernst ludwig Planck 1858- 1947 Name: Max Planck Title: Professor.
German physicist, pioneer and founder of quantum physics, winner of 19 18 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Planck's great achievement is the creation of quantum theory, which is a great change in the history of physics. From the situation that classical physics dominates the world.
1900, Planck abandoned the traditional concept of energy in classical physics, which is continuous and completely accords with the empirical formula of blackbody radiation experiment. This formula comes from theory, which must assume that the energy radiated by matter is discontinuous and can only be an integer multiple of a minimum energy. The smallest unit of Planck energy is called "quantum energy". Planck's blackbody radiation theory solved this difficult hypothesis. Planck further proposed that energy quantum dots are proportional to frequency, and introduced Planck constant H, so quantum theory became an indispensable basic theory in modern theory and experiment. Planck founded quantum theory and won the Nobel Prize in physics.
biography
/kloc-0 was born in Kiel in 858. 1867, his father, JWvon Planck, a professor of civil law, was hired to teach at Munich University, and his family moved to Munich. Planck spent his adolescence in Munich and entered the University of Munich on 1874. From 1877 to 1878, I attended lectures by K. Weierstrass, mathematicians and physicists H.von Helmholtz and GR Kirchhoff at the University of Berlin. Planck later recalled this experience. These two physicists have a profound influence on their personalities and academics, but he is not as attractive as their lectures. During his stay in Berlin, Planck's student R Clausius's main work, The Theory of Mechanics is Hot, so he looks like the universal law of thermodynamics. Planck received his Ph.D. from the University of Munich in 1879, where he once taught. University of Kiel Munich. Kirchhoff died in 1888. He was appointed as the successor of Kirchhoff (First Associate Professor, 1892) and the director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics of Berlin University. 1900, he introduced the study of black body radiation energy quantum. Because of this discovery, he contributed to the development of physics and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 19 18.
Since 1920, the central digital Planck has become a scientific field, and well-known physicists at home and abroad in Germany have close ties. 19 18 was elected as a member of the royal society. 1930 to 1937, president of the emperor William society. During this period, Berlin University, G? ttingen, Munich and Leipzig became world science centers. Planck and W. Lester shut down the efforts of A. Sommerfeld and others, and the Nazis seized the German regime and scientific scientists, and launched a passionate struggle against the Nazis to defend dignity and science in G's motherland. 1947101October 4th, died in gottingen.
Second, scientific research achievements
Planck's early research field was mainly thermodynamics, and his doctoral thesis was The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Since then, he has changed the states of polymeric substances, gases and solutions from a thermodynamic point of view.
Planck's main achievement in physics is to put forward the famous Planck radiation formula and create the concept of energy quantum.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, people interpreted the famous so-called "ultraviolet disaster" in blackbody radiation experiment as classical physics. Only in the low frequency range can Wayne's formula be satisfied, and only in the high frequency range of Rayleigh, Hopkins University (1877- 1946) and Wayne (1864- 1928), trying to clarify the law of blackbody radiation, experiments and Rayleigh-Kim's private attack. Starting from 1896, Planck thermal radiation system. After several years of hard work, the formula is consistent and the experiment is finally derived. It was learned that in the last ten days of the German Physical Society 1900 10 10, he published a three-page document entitled "Perfect Spectral Equation in Wien", the first blackbody radiation formula. 65438+February 65438+April, at an ordinary meeting of the German Physical Society, Planck gave a report on "Energy Distribution in Normal Spectrum". In this report, he said excitedly that he had made their most amazing discovery. He said that it must be assumed that the radiation energy (or absorption) of the substance is discontinuous, but the sequential radiation of the copy comes from the theoretically correct formula and can only be an integer multiple of the minimum value. This lowest value is called quantum energy, and the lowest value of radiation frequency ν ε= HV. Among them, H, the basic quantum action is called Planck, and now it is called Planck constant. Planck constant is the most important physical constant in modern physics, which indicates that physics has changed from a classical larva to a butterfly. Planck's lecture on thermal radiation was published in 1906. Summarizing his work systematically provides an important foundation and new method for exploring the laws of microphysical motion.
Three books and papers
"1879" of the second law of thermodynamics
In Vienna, the spectrum equation is perfect 1900.
> "The energy distribution law of normal spectrum is distributed in energy source 1900.
Lecture notes on thermal radiation "1906"
Normal spectrum theory
1900, won awards and honors.
19 18, the highest honor of Planck physics-the Nobel Prize in Physics.
1926, Planck was elected honorary member of the Royal Society, and the United States was elected honorary chairman of his physics society. 1930, Planck promoted scientific research in Germany, and William was elected as the chairman of the highest institution.
Three anecdotes
The first teacher.
road
Planck has done research in natural science. To a great extent, he should thank a high school teacher named Mill. Planck loved music and literature since childhood. Later, he listened to a touching story told by Mill: a builder spent a lot of time and energy moving bricks to the roof, and the work done by craftsmen did not disappear, but became stored energy; Weathered bricks, because of their looseness in autumn, will release energy when they hit things in people's minds ... The story of Planck's law of conservation of energy left an unforgettable impression on people, which not only made his hobby of natural science one of the foundations of his future research work.
2。 "Planck planet
Planck's science, no matter what difficulties he encountered, did not shake his determination to devote himself to science. After entering the palace, many misfortunes happened in his family: his wife died in 1909, his son died in World War I on 19 16, and his two daughters died in dystocia, namely 19 17 and19/respectively. Planck is always used to suppressing his feelings and grief, forgetting his work and making another important contribution to science.
He published 2 15 research papers and 7 books in his life, including the book Philosophy in Physics published by 1959.
To celebrate the 80th anniversary of Planck's birth, people donated him a planet named after the asteroid Planck. 1946, he was weak, but he was happy to attend Newton's rally in memory of the Royal Society.
Tombstone number three is engraved with his name and the value of H.
Planck's modest and rigorous style, German Physical Society 19 18 In April, in order to celebrate his 60th birthday, Planck replied: "Imagine a miner who tries his best to explore precious minerals. Once he discovered the natural vein of gold, he found it priceless and probably more precious than before. If he didn't meet this treasure, then there is no doubt that he. " This is of course Planck's modesty. Lorenz's bold hypothesis of energy quantum revealed the essence of the problem before commenting on Planck. He said, "We can't forget that the concept of good luck inspired by this is only hard work and deep thinking."
1947, Planck gottingen died at the age of 89. In order to commemorate the great physicist William Royal Society, the German government changed its name to Planck Society, but it was not destroyed.
In the embers of war, he received a friendly invitation from a hostile country. The war destroyed his family and efforts, but it was not destroyed. 80 years old 1946 The battle of the Royal Society held in London dragged on for more than three years, "the 300th anniversary of Newton's birth. When guests register, write down such special characters:
In fact, Planck just defeated Germany. At that time, it was also a relationship that people didn't want to recover from German artillery fire and inhuman blood in World War II, which also brought great disaster to the world. Because the German scientific Planck spokesman chose the kind invitation of the war-torn British in Germany at this time, why? Not only because of his great scientific achievements, but also because of his great personality. The uncooperative attitude of Hitler's government in wartime adopted its own wartime tragedy and its own courage to face life stubbornly in adversity. Such a person, who is 88 years old, can still be in awe.
Planck experienced two world wars. In the war, he lost two sons and two daughters, his home, and he collected books all his life, recording the footprints of fighting in his life. 1944 Allied bombing of Berlin reduced manuscripts and diaries to ashes. Such a blow is unbearable for any iron-blooded man, but at dusk the old man bravely endured it all. What kind of perseverance is this!
So what makes him so determined? Faith. His religious belief, his belief in scientific truth.
He believed in God all his life, but in his mind, science and nature are another God.
Planck's family has deep religious beliefs. His grandfather and great-grandfather were both professors of theology at the University of G? ttingen. Although his father changed the family tradition and became a law professor at Kiel University and Munich University, he was also a religion. Mother was born in a priest's family. In a family with a strong religious atmosphere, Planck took root in the early days of God. I was a devout Lutheran in primary school, and I often grew up because of religion and award-winning behavior in high school. I never doubted that the value of religion was too structural. From 1920 to his death in 1947, he was the green forest of Presbyterian parish.
But compared with his religious belief, he also believes in science and advancement. 1937 At the end of May, Planck gave a speech entitled "Religion and Science", and he put forward a resounding slogan: "Go to God! The slogan explains the meaning of Eddington's words: "Modern physics does not keep us away from God, but it does not necessarily bring us closer to God. "Planck's pursuit of truth in life science is a kind of' apotheosis', that is to say, the supreme God in Planck's mind is actually the essence of the material world and the scientific truth.
Planck's hobby of walking and climbing mountains is actually a nature of worshipping the Lord of all things. He is 84 years old and has reached the peak of 3000 meters. He abides by a famous saying of his mentor Trondheimholtz: "Walking is the sacred duty of natural scientists." His contribution to science is that his best products are dedicated to God.
Watching the neighbor's children's games in the window through the ice has become the first step.
He embarked on the road of physics.
The heavy and solemn religious atmosphere enveloped Planck's family and brought depressed happiness to Planck's childhood. Like many children, he can play naughty without a license, but he is very willing to learn from books, music, walking and thinking. This is because he thinks he has taken the first step on the road of physics.
When his child was only seven years old, Planck was reading a book one day and suddenly heard it outside the window. He ran to the window and opened it. He saw a couple's children having a snowball fight. Seeing the children's happy efforts and unrestrained appearance, Planck didn't envy him for closing the window and going to his father's room, but he saw his father's face serious, reaching to his mouth and swallowing back. Planck retakes the exam and reads, but he won't go anyway. He couldn't help but go to the window, but the glass blocked him from seeing what was outside. He had to look back and stop at the front window. At this time, he saw a beautiful scene: the window glass was covered with ice, some were like grass, some were like trees, and some were like ......................................................., a dog, which was really beautiful. But who painted it? Little Planck was lost in thought, which seemed beyond his imagination. He waited for a long time, but he still didn't want to know.
At dinner, my father found little Planck inattentive and asked him what was wrong. Little Planck didn't have the courage to express his doubts. The father who has always been serious showed a rare smile on his face after listening to his son's words. He patiently explained that it is a common physical phenomenon for his son to freeze. After dinner, he found his son an introductory physics book and told him: I don't know where you can feel his father's love. Planck was flattered, and his demeanor became the driving force for learning. Since then, he has been interested in physics.
For him, as a scientist,
For example, Mill said: An artist is more valuable. Planck's interest in physics has made new progress after graduating from high school. His teacher, Mill, talked about the principle of saving energy. At that time, they told a story about a bricklayer trying to carry a heavy brick roof. The work done by his bricklayer has not disappeared, but as a kind of storage, which may be preserved for many years until one day, this loose brick is on a person's head. Muller said it vividly, making it "like a gospel of redemption" resound through Planck's principle of energy conservation. Since then, this principle has been deeply rooted in Planck's mind and has become the basis of future scientific research.
& ltBR/ 1874, graduated from Planck high school. However, they chose the direction of their future efforts and became hesitant, because besides music physics, he also had extraordinary interests. His musical talent surpassed his interest in physics even earlier, when he was a very young professional musician at the piano and organ level. He likes Schubert's Lullaby, The Beautiful Mill Girl, Brahms' Violin Concerto and Bach's Passion for St. Matthew, so he enjoys it. For a very strict tutor, Planck's work behavior is meticulous, and music is the only place where he can indulge his feelings and ideas without any restrictions. The German nation is a nation with rigorous appearance, but pursuing inner freedom and liberation. Planck is a typical German, and he is eager to rush into the hall of music. However, after fierce ideological struggle, he chose physics. As for music, as a hobby, because he thinks that being a scientist should be more valuable than being an artist.
BR/>； During his college years, Planck gradually locked in the field of pure theory, that is, theoretical physics in physics that he was interested in. His physics teacher said it was puzzling because he thought physics was a highly developed and almost perfect subject. Perhaps, dust or small bubbles in a corner of science can be studied and classified. But as a complete system, it is established enough, and the classical physical theory is close to perfection. Frequency is a common misunderstanding in contemporary scientific physics, but Planck is not the kind of person who changes his mind easily. Taking the road of physics and even theoretical physics is the result of his serious thinking, and nothing will stop him from moving forward.
BR/>； If you believe in your responsibility, don't let anything stop you from moving forward.
The names of two physicists, Jan Muhholz and Kirchhoff, Planck went to Berlin University for a year at the end of the university, but his poor lectures disappointed Planck, but he was not discouraged, but taught himself to satisfy their thirst for knowledge. He not only taught himself two teachers in his class, but also taught himself clausius's thermodynamics, which started from clausius's thermodynamic theory, and he began to study the problem of thermal radiation.
In this study, Wayne Wayne Formula 1894 British physicist Rayleigh Formula 1900 "two completely opposite formulas" caught his attention. He tried all the theories and methods of classical physics and tried to propose a new formula to replace two contradictory formulas, but failed. In order to seek scientific truth, he decided to take a desperate action-consider this problem from a new perspective of classical physics. 1900 10 19, Planck became his new formula at the meeting of the German Physical Society called Planck Formula. In 65438+February 65438+April, he put forward this formula, which is called "another meeting of the theoretical foundation physics society of the energy quantum hypothesis". Planck abandoned the traditional concept that the material movement is absolutely continuous and the radiation process is a discontinuous minimum, but only "contained" radiation or absorbed a little, and this package could not be divided into smaller packages. Fruit candy is sold, at least one and a half pieces are sold, but it is not sold or divided into smaller pieces. The smallest unit of energy is called "energy quantum". "This day was later considered as the" birthday "of quantum theory. Later, it became the key to understand all the properties of atomic shell and nucleus, and was also regarded as the birth of atomic physics and the beginning of a new era of natural science. Of course, the hypothetical energy quantum is called the founder of Planck quantum theory. Planck
After becoming famous, when talking about how to become a scientist, he said, "You should have confidence." Planck said that faith is actually a firm spirit dedicated to loving science, studying enterprises and seeking scientific truth.
It is worth mentioning that faith leads to the belief of success and turns into stubborn action, which will also hinder a person's progress. Planck's deep-rooted conservative consciousness, who let him break through the theory and develop others, you want to jump out of the old framework of classical physics and put forward new theories, and stubbornly accept the old framework of classical physics again. Research.
Of course, this does not mean that Darwin's contribution lags behind Newton's, nor does it mean that evolution can't be used in experiments and mathematical research (the research on evolution mainly depends on mathematics, and then through experiments), but in different times, Darwin's era was earlier than Newton's modern scientific method, and it used a prominent and typical enlightenment period, which can be used as a reference example.