(blackboard: 2. With the improvement of production tools, primitive agriculture and animal husbandry began to appear. Hemudu and Banpo have had agriculture and animal husbandry all their lives.
The invention of agriculture is the achievement of women. In the long-term collection practice, women gradually mastered the growth law of some plants, and later they planted some plants near their homes, which is primitive agriculture. At that time, the farming method was probably like this: people first cut down trees with stone axes and put them on the fire, then leveled the ground with stone shovels and hoes, loosened the soil, and then planted seeds, which was called "slash and burn". Our archaeologists found piles of rice, chaff, rice stalks and leaves in the ruins of the original inhabitants of Hemudu, and rice grains were also found in some places. Many millet were found in the ruins of the original inhabitants of Banpo. This proves that China is the first country to grow rice and millet in the world. Rice and millet are two main food crops on which human beings have depended for thousands of years. These achievements created by our ancestors are great contributions to world civilization. Primitive animal husbandry developed from hunting. Due to the invention of the bow and arrow, there are more prey, and people can't finish it for a while, so they domesticate those animals that are slightly injured (or captured alive) and gradually become poultry and livestock. Let the students watch the pictures of potted pigs and sheep in Hemudu. Although agriculture and animal husbandry have developed at this time, the production level is still relatively primitive, so hunting and fishing still play an important role in the lives of the original residents in Banpo and Hemudu.
(blackboard: 4. After the manufacture of pottery and the appearance of agriculture, grain became the staple food, and a large number of containers and cookers were needed. Pottery was produced under this background. The appearance of pottery is an important achievement after human beings entered the clan commune. The pottery used by Banpo people is mostly red, with dark brown patterns such as frogs and deer, so it is called painted pottery. Scientists call the primitive culture in which painted pottery was discovered painted pottery culture. Ask the students to open the color pictures in front of the book and watch the pictures of painted pottery pots with human faces unearthed in Banpo and xi 'an, Shaanxi. You see, this painted pottery basin is painted with someone's head, round head, thick eyebrows, eyes narrowed into a line, and each ear is closely connected with a small fish, which is vivid and interesting. It can be said that it is a precious primitive handicraft. Students look at this picture again (referring to the spinning wheel map unearthed in Banpo), which shows that there was a primitive textile industry at that time. But students should pay attention to the fact that the clothes people wear at this time are hemp, not cotton. Cotton gradually became the main material of the people, which was after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and we will talk about it later.
With the development of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry, people's sources of food and clothing are relatively stable, which requires a relatively stable life. The original inhabitants of Banpo and Hemudu learned to build houses and dig wells, and lived a settled life. (Guide students to watch the restoration map of Hemudu original residents' wells, grass-top derricks and Banpo original residents' houses. The houses built by Banpo people have two styles, square and round, which are usually semi-implicit, that is, half underground and half above ground. They are a kind of civil architecture developed from caves. It takes the pit wall as the wall base, smears grass reinforcement mud on the living surface and wall, smoothes it, and bakes it to change it. The walls were erected with wooden posts in turn to support the roof. The roof is made of plants and grass, covered with grass and mud to protect it from wind and rain. Most of the houses of Hemudu aborigines are rectangular, and they are "trunk-column" wood structures developed from nesting. It takes the erected wooden stakes as the underframe, spreads beams and boards on the wooden stakes, and builds houses with long ridges and short eaves on the boards. The roof is covered with thatch, the wood structure technology is quite mature, and the beams and columns are connected with tenons and mortises. With a house, you can keep out the wind and rain, prevent cold and heat, and prevent insects, snakes and animals. Living in a cave is much better than living in a natural cave.
(blackboard: 6. Social development stage-the prosperity period of matriarchal clan commune) The clan commune includes two stages: matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. Question: At what stage are the original inhabitants of Hemudu and Banpo? After the students answer, ask questions: What are the characteristics of this stage? After the students answer, the teacher summarizes)
(1) Women play a leading role in production and life. Because men used simple tools to hunt at that time, they often couldn't get anything, let alone a lot of things, which fully guaranteed the life of all clan members. In this case, primitive agriculture and animal husbandry have become more reliable and frequent sources of life than hunting. Primitive agriculture and animal husbandry are women's jobs. Because women's labor ensures the life of the whole clan, women are in a leading position in the clan.
(2) In the clan commune, all property belongs to the clan collective, and everyone works together and consumes together. There is no distinction between rich and poor, no distinction between classes. People live an equal life. About the living conditions of the original inhabitants of Hemudu and Banpo, we can not only trace back to their relics and sites, but also confirm them from related legends. Let the students read the small print of Fu and Shen Nong's legend in the textbook, but the teacher won't tell them. (blackboard writing: 2. Dawenkou aborigines) Our ancestors worked hard and made continuous progress in the long-term struggle with nature. With the development of productive forces and the expansion of social division of labor, men have gradually replaced women in production and life, occupying a dominant position. About 5,000 years ago, clans and tribes in the Yellow River valley and the Yangtze River valley in China entered the patriarchal commune period. 1959, a site was discovered in Dawenkou, Tai 'an, Shandong Province, which vividly reflected the scene of China patriarchal commune. Read the notes about Dawenkou culture in the text. Blackboard: 1. The age of life-about four or five thousand years ago. 2. Clan representatives and clan disintegration period. At this time, agriculture has become an important production sector, and there is a surplus of grain. (blackboard: 3. The development of agriculture and handicraft industry (1) agriculture) found many pottery cups, bottles and other funerary objects from the tombs of the site, which indirectly proved that there was surplus food at that time. Because only on the premise of meeting basic consumption, it is possible for people to use the rest of the grain for wine making. (blackboard writing: (2) the manufacture of bronzes, black pottery and white pottery) Due to the surplus of grain, some people left agricultural production and specialized in handicraft production, so handicraft industry also developed. In * * *, an important performance is the appearance of bronzes. This shows that the social productive forces at that time had made great progress, had changed from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age, and the primitive clan system was coming to an end. In addition, the pottery-making technology has also made remarkable progress, and two new varieties of black pottery and white pottery have appeared. (Guide students to read textbooks and pictures), especially the production of white pottery, which laid a technical foundation for the appearance of porcelain in the future (the teacher briefly introduced the difference between pottery and porcelain). (Blackboard: 4. The emergence of private property, the emergence and stage of polarization between the rich and the poor) Due to the development of production, private property and polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in the late patriarchal commune. Among the tombs in Dawenkou site, we found that the tombs with pig heads and pig jawbones accounted for 34% of the total, with at least one or two pig heads and at most 14. This means that livestock began to become private property. The emergence of private ownership will inevitably lead to polarization between the rich and the poor. Guide students to look at textbooks and pictures. This is a turquoise necklace unearthed from a tomb of an original resident in Dawenkou. Precious products like this, there are more than 80 pieces of/kloc-0 in this man's tomb. It can be seen that this person is very rich. In other tombs, there are no or only a few ordinary stone tools and pottery, which is very different, and the difference between the rich and the poor is obvious. As the polarization between the rich and the poor intensifies, classes gradually emerge. Where there is class, there is class oppression. Please look at the small print on page 17 of the textbook, which is located in the late site of the patriarchal clan commune in Handan, Hebei Province. This site belongs to the same kind of cultural site as Dawenkou site, commonly known as Dawenkou culture. So it can represent the emergence of the late class of Dawenkou culture. (writing on the blackboard: three. Legend of the Yellow Emperor and Yao Shunyu) It has been confirmed by the patriarchal clan commune in the later period that besides the tomb cultural relics in the late Dawenkou culture, there are also widely circulated legends of the Yellow Emperor and Yao Shunyu. (blackboard writing: 1. The Yellow Emperor and His Contribution to the Formation of the Chinese Nation) We in China all like the name "descendants of the Chinese people". So, how did this name come from? Does anyone know? According to legend, about 4000 years ago, there were many tribal alliances in the Yellow River valley, and the Yellow Emperor was the leader of one of them (please read the textbook "The Yellow Emperor"). He advocated planting grain and domesticating livestock, which made this tribal alliance stronger gradually. Emperor Yan is the leader of a tribal alliance living in the west, especially the leader of the southern tribal alliance. In the process of developing to the central part of China, they clashed. First of all, the Yan Di tribe was defeated by the You tribe. Emperor Yan turned to the Yellow Emperor for help. The Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor jointly attacked you, and the two sides fought a decisive battle in Zhuolu (find the location of Zhuolu on the map). You created a fog by magic, and you couldn't see anyone across the street. The yellow emperor ordered the construction of the south guide car, determined the direction, defeated you, and finally captured it. Two tribes, the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di, joined together, and after a long period of development, formed the future Chinese nation. The Yellow Emperor is revered as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. Later, all ethnic groups thought they were descendants of the Chinese people and were called "descendants of the Chinese people". This is the origin of the Chinese nation being called "descendants of the Yellow Emperor". (blackboard: 2. After Yao Shunyu abdicated and democratically elected the leader of tribal alliance (Huangdi), the outstanding leaders of tribal alliance in the Yellow River valley successively included Yao, Shun and Yu. At this time, the leaders of the tribal alliance were elected. When Yao was old, a tribal alliance meeting was held, and everyone elected the talented Shun as his successor. Yao gave him the position of leader of the tribal alliance. Shun was old, and he gave his place to Yu, who had made great contributions to water control. This method of changing leadership status is called abdication in history. Please read the fine print on page 17- 18 of the textbook (please read by one student and others). After reading it, the teacher gave a general explanation. From this narrative, the students can see that the elected tribal alliance leader must have both ability and political integrity, set an example, have no privilege, and be a public servant of society. Teachers can also give examples to illustrate Yao Shunyu's achievements, especially the story of Dayu's flood control, which can increase the teaching content. ) When Yu was the leader of the tribal alliance, the primitive society in China had ended and the class society had arrived. At this time, private property is increasing. It is said that Yujia is very rich. Yu's father built a earthen city to protect his property. The power of tribal alliance leaders is also growing. On one occasion, Yu called a meeting of tribal leaders in Huiji, and all the leaders attending the meeting would bring jade and silk. A tribal leader arrived late, and Yu Yi arbitrarily put him to death. In order to expand their power and wealth, tribal leaders often drive their members to engage in predatory wars. Because of the surplus products, prisoners in the war are no longer killed, but become slaves. They forced slaves to work and seized the fruits of their labor. In his later years, Yu conquered those disobedient tribes by force, captured their members and punished them as slaves. These facts show that class and class oppression began to appear at that time. As for when the class society in our country began, we will talk about it next class.