During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born. There is a legend in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province, the main producing area of Xuan paper: Cai Lun's apprentice Kong Dan, who made paper in southern Anhui, always wanted to make a particularly ideal white paper for his master to paint and compose. But after many experiments, it can't be realized. Once, he happened to see some sandalwood trees lying beside the mountain stream, which had been corroded by water for a long time and had rotted and turned white. Later, he made paper with this bark and finally succeeded. It can be concluded that using bark as rice paper has been very popular in the Tang Dynasty. )
On the basis of the previous generation of yellow paper dyed in the Tang Dynasty, wax was evenly coated on the paper to make the paper have the advantages of luster, luster and beauty, which is called hard yellow paper. The paper industry of the Five Dynasties continued to develop. Zhangzhou's Chengxin Tang paper was always considered as the best paper until the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper industry flourished and innovated constantly. All kinds of stationery are popular again, and white paper and elegant paper are highly respected in texture, with bright and quiet colors, such as pastel paper and printing and dyeing paper in Kanggan period. By the Qing Dynasty, the production of paper had reached a perfect level. The process of making paper)
The production of general printing paper is divided into two basic processes: pulping and papermaking. Pulping is to dissociate plant fiber raw materials into natural pulp or bleached pulp by mechanical method, chemical method or a combination of the two. Papermaking is to combine pulp fibers suspended in water into sheets that meet various requirements through various processes.
Paper mills generally need to store enough raw materials for 4 ~ 6 months, so that the raw materials can naturally ferment during storage, which is beneficial to pulping and ensures the continuous production of paper mills. Raw materials such as reed, wheat straw and wood are cut into pieces (used to produce chemical pulp) or wood chips (used to produce ground wood pulp) in the material preparation section, and then small pieces of raw materials are put into a digester, added with chemical liquid, and steamed with steam to make the raw materials into pulp, or the wood chips are sent to a wood mill to be ground, or they can be ground after a certain degree of cooking. Then wash the pulp with plenty of clean water, and remove coarse chips, knots, stones and sand from the pulp through screening and purification. According to the requirements of paper types, the pulp is bleached to the required whiteness with bleaching agent, and then beaten with beating equipment. Then various auxiliary materials, such as fillers, sizing agents, sizing agents, etc., are added to the pulp, and then purified and screened. Finally, the paper pulp is sent to a paper machine, filtered for moisture in the wire section, squeezed and dehydrated, dried in a dryer, calendered and coiled, and then cut, rewound or cut to produce rolled paper and plain paper. If the production is to produce coated printing paper, it needs to be dried in the middle or produced into roll paper and then coated.
In addition to the above-mentioned basic procedures, it also includes some auxiliary procedures, such as the preparation of cooking liquid, the preparation of bleaching liquid, the boiling of rubber compound, the recovery of chemical substances and heat energy in cooking waste liquid and waste gas, etc.
Baqiao Paper:
1957, the ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC was unearthed in Baqiao, the eastern suburb of Xi. When it was unearthed, it was a pile of large and small pieces of paper. The largest is10×10cm, and the smallest is 3× 4cm, beige. After repeated scientific experiments, it is found that it is mainly made of hemp and a small amount of ramie fiber, that is, "plant fiber paper". This ancient tomb is no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, 140 to 87 years ago. Therefore, it can be concluded that plant fiber paper was produced and used in China more than 2000 years ago, that is, in the 2nd century BC. This Baqiao paper is the earliest paper in the world excavated by archaeology.
Cai Lun's thesis:
Cai Lun, the inventor of papermaking in Han Dynasty, is awe-inspiring. Guiyang (now Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) people. In the 18th year of Ming Di Yongping (75), he entered the palace as an official. In the first year of Zhanghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (87), he was appointed. In the first year of Yuanxing (105), papermaking was invented. Summing up the experience of predecessors, he began to make paper from bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets and other raw materials through beating, mashing, papermaking, baking and other processes. It was called "Cai Hou Paper", which made great contributions to the reform and popularization of papermaking and was later passed down as the inventor of papermaking. Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China, which has made great contributions to the spread and development of world culture.
Zuo Bo paper:
After Cai Lun, others constantly improved his methods. About eighty years after Cai Lun's death (at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty), another paper expert named Zuo Bo appeared. The paper he made is even in thickness, delicate in texture and bright in color. At that time, people called this kind of paper "Zuo Bo paper". Unfortunately, the raw materials and manufacturing methods used in Zuo Bo are not recorded in history.
Rattan paper:
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely spread and used, and papermaking was further improved. Before the Jin Dynasty, the paper-making area was concentrated in Luoyang, Henan Province, and gradually spread to Vietnam, Sichuan, Shao, Yang, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, with increasing output and quality. Paper-making raw materials are also diversified, and there are many names of paper. Tunxi has rattan paper with rattan skin as raw material. The paper is smooth and white as jade, leaving no ink marks.
Attachment: the history of paper
Paper is one of the four great scientific and technological inventions in ancient China. Together with the compass, gunpowder and printing, it provided a material and technical foundation for the prosperity of China's ancient culture. The invention of paper ended the complicated history of ancient bamboo slips and greatly promoted the spread and development of culture.
In ancient times, democracy was recorded by knotting ropes, and later, characters were gradually invented, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions was used as writing materials. Later, bamboo and wood chips (bamboo slips) and silk were found and used as writing materials. But paper was invented because silk was too expensive and bamboo was too heavy. According to research, the production of paper began in the Western Han Dynasty. From 65438 to 0957, Shaanxi Provincial Museum excavated a batch of artifacts named "Baqiao Paper" from a Western Han Dynasty tomb near Baqiao in the eastern suburb of xi, and its production date should be no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Later, paper fragments of the Han Dynasty were unearthed in Luobnuoer, Xinjiang, Juyan, Gansu and other places, about 150 to 200 years earlier than the paper made by eunuch Cai Lun from the early Eastern Han Dynasty to Yuanxing. However, we should also see that although paper was invented long ago, it was not widely used at first, and government documents were still written in bamboo slips and silk books. In Xian Di, Zuo Bo, a native of Donglai, improved the previous paper-making method and further improved the paper quality. The paper he made is white, delicate, soft, uniform and bright, and the paper quality is particularly good. Known as "Zuo Bo paper" in the world, especially five-color stationery paper and high-grade stationery.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely spread and used, and papermaking was further improved. Before the Jin Dynasty, the paper-making area was concentrated in Luoyang, Henan Province, and gradually spread to Vietnam, Sichuan, Shao, Yang, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, with increasing output and quality. Paper-making raw materials are also diversified, and there are many names of paper. Such as bamboo curtain paper, the paper has obvious lines, and its paper is tight, thin and even. Tunxi has rattan paper with rattan skin as raw material. The paper is smooth and white as jade, leaving no ink marks. Dongyang has fish egg paper, also known as fish note, which is soft and smooth. Jiangnan uses straw and straw fiber to make paper. The paper is yellow and rough, so it is difficult to write. In the north, mulberry bark fiber is used to make paper, which has excellent texture, white color, light softness and strong tensile force, and the paper grain tears like cotton silk, so it is called cotton paper. Cai Lun has a wide range of papermaking raw materials. Paper made of rotten fishing nets is called net paper, and paper made of rags is called cloth paper. At that time, fishing nets and rags were classified as hemp fibers, so they were collectively called hemp paper.
In order to prolong the life of paper, the Jin Dynasty has invented a new technology of dyeing paper, that is, impregnating paper with yellow tiller boiling juice, some of which are written first and then dyed, and some are dyed first and then written. Impregnated paper is called dyed yellow paper, which is natural yellow, so it is also called jute paper. Yellow paper has the function of killing insects and moth.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born. There is a legend in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province, the main producing area of Xuan paper: Cai Lun's apprentice Kong Dan, who made paper in southern Anhui, always wanted to make a particularly ideal white paper for his master to paint and trim the score. But after many experiments, it can't be realized. Once, he happened to see some sandalwood trees lying beside the mountain stream, which had been corroded by water for a long time and had rotted and turned white. Later, he made paper with this bark and finally succeeded. It can be concluded that using bark as rice paper has been very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Hard yellow paper used to write classics in the Tang Dynasty, Cheng Xin Tang paper in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, etc. All belong to the category of cooked rice paper. Since then, Xuan paper has been an indispensable treasure for writing and painting. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, almost all the paintings and calligraphy in China were made of rice paper.
At the same time, the invention of engraving brush greatly stimulated the development of paper industry, and the papermaking area was further expanded, and famous papers appeared one after another, such as Yizhou Yellow Paper, Hangzhou, Wuzhou, Quzhou, Yuezhou Rattan Paper, Zhou Junda Paper, Zhou Pu Thin White Paper, Xuanzhou Xuan Paper, Shaozhou Hard Yellow Paper and Linzhou Slippery Paper. In the Tang Dynasty, bast fibers such as Daphne bark, Broussonetia papyrifera bark, mulberry bark, rattan bark, hibiscus bark and Pteroceltis tatarinowii bark were used as raw materials for papermaking. This kind of paper is flexible and thin, and the fibers are evenly staggered.
On the basis of the yellow paper dyed in the previous generation in the Tang Dynasty, the paper was coated with wax evenly. After calendering, the paper had the advantages of luster, luster and beauty, so it was called hard yellow paper. There is also a kind of hard white paper, which is called hard white paper, which is coated with wax on the front and back sides of the original paper, and then rubbed with pebbles or arc stones to make the paper bright, lubricated and dense, and the fibers are even and meticulous, which is slightly thicker than hard yellow paper. In addition, politicians have added mineral powder and wax paper; On the basis of powder wax paper and colored paper, paper products with gold and silver foil or powder luster are called golden flower paper, silver flower paper or honeysuckle paper, also called cold gold paper or sprinkled gold and silver paper; There is also that kind of paper with exquisite colors and patterns, which is polished and pressed one by one on the pattern board engraved with calligraphy and painting, so that various patterns are hidden on the paper, also called flower curtain paper or pattern paper. At that time, caviar paper made in Sichuan was very popular among scholars. In addition, there have been papers that have undergone simple reprocessing, such as Xue Tao's stationery, Xie Gong's 10-color stationery and other dyed papers, Jin Sushan's warp paper, and various printed papers, pine paper, variegated quicksand paper, rosy clouds paper, gold powder paper and dragon paper.
The paper industry of the Five Dynasties continued to develop. Zhangzhou's Chengxin Tang paper was always considered as the best paper until the Northern Song Dynasty. This kind of paper is "as smooth as spring water, as thin as cocoon, as tough as Sichuan sound and as crisp as a brush". This paper can be as long as 50 feet and as thin as a tail. It inherited the papermaking tradition of Song Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, and many papers with different textures appeared. Paper is generally light, soft, thin and tough. First-class paper is all produced in Jiangnan, also known as Jiangdong paper. The reuse of paper began in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the New Testament was reconstructed from waste paper, called rejuvenation paper or mature rejuvenation paper. It has the characteristics of material saving, time saving and quick effect.
By the Yuan Dynasty, the paper industry was dying, and only the south of the Yangtze River barely maintained its former scene. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the paper industry flourished again. The main famous products are Xuan paper, bamboo paper, Xuande paper and Songjiang Tan paper. The manufacturing technology of Xuan paper in Qing Dynasty was further improved and became a well-known paper. Most of them use local papermaking raw materials, and all kinds of raw materials are used to make all kinds of paper. Paper processing technology has been further developed and innovated, such as sizing, alum addition, dyeing, waxing, calendering, gold scattering and printing. All kinds of stationery are popular again. White paper and elegant colored paper are highly respected in texture, and the colors are mainly bright and quiet. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, there were pastel wax banknotes, such as those depicting gold and silver patterns, those depicting wax banknotes, those depicting multicolored calendered wax banknotes, and those depicting printed and printed flower banknotes, which were calendered on three-color paper with pastel wax and then painted with clay gold or clay silver. The production of letterhead paper has reached an exquisite level in the Qing Dynasty.
In addition, China began to accept tribute paper from neighboring countries since the Jin Dynasty, such as the side paper (or moss paper) of South Vietnamese tribute, which is sweet, warm and non-toxic with seaweed as raw material. Korean tribute paper and chicken forest paper are loved by rulers of past dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, there were North Korea's Lijin stationery, Jinling stationery, mirror stationery, bamboo green paper, Vietnamese moss stationery, Japanese snow paper, book paper, western Phnom Penh paper, mica paper, flower paper, all kinds of stationery and flower paper.
Papermaking is one of the great contributions made by the Chinese nation to human civilization. It is also known as the four great inventions of ancient science and technology in China along with gunpowder, compass and printing, and is world-renowned. Its appearance changed the writing materials of human beings, made the characters have a new carrier, and ended the history of ancestors writing on stone walls, animal bones, bamboo slips and silks. At the same time, paper is also one of Four Treasures of the Study.
There is a saying in ancient books that Cai Lun made paper in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is still controversial. Judging from the cultural relics and materials unearthed at present, ancient paper has been unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. At that time, paper was a mixture of animal and plant fibers, and these fiber scraps were processed into paper. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, papermaking technology has been improved, and people can make tissue paper only by using plant fibers.
It can be inferred that Cai Lun contributed a lot to the improvement of papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He invented the technology of making paper from bark, hemp, rags, fishing nets and other materials, and presented the paper to the emperor. Therefore, people also call this kind of paper "Cai Hou Paper".
The invention of papermaking promoted the development of pen, ink and inkstone. Papermaking spread to Southeast Asia, Europe and Arab countries, which promoted the progress of world civilization.
1986, scholars debated whether ancient paper, the map of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Fangmatan, Tianshui, Gansu, and the hemp paper of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Xi 'an, Shaanxi and Juyan, Gansu belonged to paper. This kind of paper is called hemp paper because of its uneven thickness and uneven fiber distribution. Hemp paper has been the main paper for China's writing and painting for nearly a thousand years from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty.
With the development of social productive forces and the richness of social materials, the raw materials for papermaking are gradually increasing. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, people began to make paper with rattan skin (straw, wheat straw), orange skin, mulberry skin, hemp bamboo, nettle and other materials. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, hemp was used to make paper. Paper made of this material is tough, white and water-resistant, which should be the embryonic form of rice paper. The real Xuan paper belongs to a kind of silver paper produced in Shexian County, Anhui Province during the Southern Dynasties. At that time, Liang Wudi's poem on paper was "white as frost and snow, square and chess, declaring feelings and keeping in mind, not fishing with the net." Enough to explain the level of papermaking at that time.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of papermaking. At this time, the varieties and styles of paper were basically formed, and the dyeing process of paper appeared. In the Tang Dynasty, some famous papers appeared, such as Yangzhou hemp paper and green sandalwood leather rice paper, and some new varieties appeared, such as Poyang White and Chengxin Tang paper. Coloring stationery was a major feature at that time. Sichuan alone has 10 kinds of colored paper, such as crimson, pink and bright yellow.
In the Song Dynasty, bamboo and bamboo bark replaced hemp and became the main raw materials for papermaking. In addition, kapok is also used as a raw material for papermaking. With the rise of printing industry, bamboo paper invented in Jin Dynasty is very popular for printing books. In addition, the processing technology of paper is constantly improving. In addition to fine carving, wax, phellodendron, glue, alum, color, gold and silver accessories are added in the processing to make the paper smoother, smoother and more beautiful.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's paper industry continued to develop. The production technology of stationery and rice paper is becoming more and more exquisite. In the production process, besides sizing, adding alum, waxing, dyeing, printing, sand polishing and sprinkling gold and silver, people also use the printing method of bean board and arch flower to make all kinds of exquisite stationery. In the Qing Dynasty, Xuan paper, as the main writing material, expanded in origin and had many names. Besides jade plate paper, rib paper, six auspicious papers and paper clips, there are many special papers, such as cloth paper in Nanyu County and cotton paper in Laiyang, Hunan Province. By the end of Qing Dynasty, machine papermaking technology was introduced into China, and the papermaking industry entered a new stage.