In the Middle Ages, Europe reached its peak from 12 to 15, with profound changes in economy and society and unprecedented development of ideology, culture and art. The artistic style of this period is usually called "Gothic" style. The origin of the word "Goth" is quite difficult to say, because "Goth" was originally the name of a savage nomadic tribe in Scandinavia. Goths moved south from 1 century and settled in the Danube region, but in the long years after that, they did not develop this traceable artistic style. The famous Italian painter Raphael used the word "Goth" for the first time in his letter to Pope Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, in order to criticize the architectural style of Central and Northern Europe before the Renaissance, that is, to use the word "Goth" as a synonym for "barbarism", thus calling everything from northern Netherfield "Goth". Since then, Qiao Erqiao O 'vasari, an Italian art critic in16th century, has denounced all the art between ancient Europe and Renaissance as "the creation of Goths", and the name "Goth" has been used ever since. In fact, Gothic art has nothing to do with Gothic. It is a higher development of Romanesque art and a reflection of Catholic theology in the Middle Ages.

Gothic architecture first appeared in northern France in the first half of the12nd century. 1 140 to 1 144, the director of saint-denis Abbey in the north of Paris organized the reconstruction of the choir of the monastery church. He was the first to propose that church architecture should express the three ideals of light, height and number. According to this requirement, when building the hall, the architect tried to use the methods of extending to the height, adding windows and changing the proportion, which reflected the architectural style pioneered by Gothic art, and since then this style has been widely adopted throughout Europe. In Britain, the French architect William began to design the Gothic Canterbury Cathedral in 1 174. There are Southbury Cathedral built in 1220 and Westminster Abbey built in 1245. British architects created a "vertical" style to enhance the vertical rise and towering effect of Gothic churches. In France, Gothic architecture is widely admired and praised. At that time, Paris had replaced Rome as the center of the Catholic world in the Middle Ages. The religious atmosphere of Catholic belief, the supremacy of church power, and the medieval scholasticism, which emphasized rational exploration and complex and subtle thinking to get God's inspiration, were all expressed and embodied in the theological artistic conception and aesthetic taste of tall, lively and luxurious Gothic church buildings, so this artistic style was deeply favored by the French. The symbol of the maturity of French Gothic architecture is Notre Dame de Paris, which was founded in 1 163. In addition, the Chater Cathedral rebuilt by 12 15, the Amiens Cathedral built by 1220 and the Reims Cathedral built by 1225 are all examples of European Gothic churches. In their architectural art, the French created round flower windows and "flame-style" window decorations composed of three concentric circles, so that when the outside light passes through the glass windows, the church can emit brilliant and mysterious light. The carved prism decoration on the church steeple created by him enriches the gorgeous and elegant posture of Gothic architecture. This style also influenced Milan Cathedral in Italy, which was built in 1386. On both sides of it are clusters of towering minarets and supporting arches, carved like ivory, which are exquisite. Gothic architecture in Germany started late, the most spectacular of which is Cologne Cathedral built in 1248, while Ulm Cathedral built in 1377, with its spire as high as 16 1 m, is the tallest church in the world. Gothic churches in Germany have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, and tower buildings soaring into the sky have produced a strong soaring and sublimation effect, which is amazing.

Gothic sculpture art is mainly manifested in the relief group images in the center of the church lintel, as well as the statues of the Virgin Mary, Christ and saints on the door tickets and columns. Typical examples of these sculptures are the sculpture of the last trial at the west middle gate of Notre Dame de Paris and the cylindrical sculpture of the saints covering the main entrance of the cathedral, which is characterized by slender figure, stiff posture, and the figures' heads leaning forward and backward, looking around. In addition, Gothic figure sculpture also pays attention to the characteristics of clothing description and tension between lines, and they mostly use the image of the Virgin Child. Among them, the famous statue of the Virgin Krumo in Bohemia in the14th century is famous for its bright and clear structure and elegant lines. Madonna of Wirlof Church in avignon, which is famous for its "Gothic Swing", uses the curvature of ivory to carve a human figure into a twisted posture, giving people a vivid feeling.

Because the windows of Gothic churches are enlarged and the walls are narrowed, the painting art of Gothic churches is mainly stained glass windows, while churches in Italy and other places only leave some large-scale murals with religious themes. The stained glass window painting is based on the story of the Bible and is made of small pieces of stained glass in red, blue and purple. The most outstanding works are the glass window paintings of Chatterhouse Cathedral and Bruges Cathedral. Gothic murals are famous for their altar painting Good News of Angels, which was created by simone martini for Siena Cathedral in the14th century. Giotto is a famous artist in the transition period between Gothic and Renaissance art styles, and he created the woodcut "The Passion of Christ" for the Notre Dame Church in Florence in his early days. Although this painting has bold innovations in composition and color, it still belongs to the late Gothic painting art. In addition, Gothic art is also manifested in the production of sacred bone boxes and communion boxes popular in the Middle Ages, the carving of gold and silver jewelry, and the tapestry patterns and book illustrations of religious content.

Baroque architecture began in Italy at the beginning of17th century. It adopted humanists to construct new Roman vocabulary and used its new rhetoric, drama and sculpture to express the victory of autocratic church and country. The new building is worried about depicting the colors, light and shade of Baroque style and the value and intensity of sculpture.

The Roman architecture in Michelangelo's late period, especially St. Peter's Cathedral, may be regarded as the precursor of Baroque architecture, because the latter was designed to realize the great unity that was unknown earlier. His student Giacomo della Porta continued this work in Rome, especially in the facade of the Jesuit church Il Suge, which directly led to the most important facade of the early Baroque style, Saint Susanna of carlo maderno. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, baroque style spread all over Europe and Latin America, especially promoted by Jesuits.

The important features of baroque architecture are:

The narrow nave of the church was replaced by a wider and occasionally circular building.

Strong use of light, or strong contrast between light and shade, monochrome painting (i.e. the Wildenberg Abbey of the church), or consistent lighting through several windows (i.e. the Weingarten Abbey of the church).

Used for decoration (putty is made of wood (usually gold-plated), gypsum or plaster, marble or fake marble)

Large ceiling mural

The external facade is usually depicted as a sharp central prediction.

The inner shell is usually not used for painting and sculpture (especially in the late baroque style)

Illusion effects are like wrong-looking painting and mixed painting and architecture.

In the baroque style of Bavaria and Swabia, onion-shaped domes are common.

The sacred buildings in Baroque style are mainly influenced by Italian examples, especially the intersection of Rome and cathedral, dome and nave. The center of baroque secular architecture is France, and the three-wing layout of palaces was established as a standard method as early as16th century. But this is Salomon de Brosse's Palais du Luxembourg (built in 16 15- 1620), which established the baroque architectural paradigm.

For the first time, it is emphasized that legion des Logis is the representative main part of the building, but the wing is low. The tower was completely replaced by the central forecast. The following development complements the example of Vaux le Vicomte near Paris (it is the integration of courtyards in the palace composition, based on 1656- 166 1). Architect Louis Levau and gardener Andr3e Le N4otre complement each other. Similarly, the two artists said that this concept occupies a huge proportion in Royal Hunt Cottage and the latest main residence of Versailles (Extension 166 1 year-1690). Versailles is a model of many other European houses, including Mannheim, Nord Kirchen and Casetta.

In Central Europe, some Baroque periods started late. Augsburg architect Elias Hall (1573- 1646) and some theorists, including Joseph Futtenbach, have practiced the Baroque style, but they have not left any successors to fight because of thirty years of destruction. From about 1650, the resume of architectural works is as important as secular and missionary buildings. In the early stage, masons from southern Switzerland and northern Italy, during the so-called masons of magistri Grigioni and Lombard, especially the Carlone family from Val d'Intelvi, controlled this land. However, in the last three periods of the 17th century, Austria quickly developed its own typical Baroque style. John boyne Harder Fischer von Erlach was moved by bernini. He forged a new royal style by writing architectural themes from the whole history, the most famous of which was in St. Cha? Hey? Romeo, his church is in Vienna. John lucas von Hildebrandt was trained in Italy. He developed a very decorative style, especially in the facade building, which had a strong influence on South Germany.

Usually, the baroque style in southern Germany stands out from the baroque style in northern Germany, and it is more appropriate to say that it is between Catholic and Protestant baroque styles respectively.

In the tolerant south, the Jesuit church of St. Michael in Munich is Italian style across the Alps. However, its influence on the further development of church buildings is quite limited. The Jesuit church in Dillingen (16 10- 17) provides a more practical and adaptable church building model: a church with wall columns, that is, the middle hall of a barrel-vaulted church is separated by wall columns, accompanied by a large open church. In Munich, in contrast to St. Michael, the main domes of the church and nave almost reached the height of the nave of the church, and their domes (usually horizontal barrel domes) bounced horizontally. The church provides adequate lighting equipment; Seen from the entrance of the church, the wall column forms a striking background next to the altar. Wahlberg School and Bavarian masons further developed the wall pillar church. The wall-pillar church is very good, which combines the church model of "hall" with the late Gothic period of the Germans. Churches with wall columns continued to be used in the18th century (that is, during the decay of early neoclassical churches). Early churches with wall columns can be decorated with re without any structural changes, that is, they are easy to polish in Dillingen Church.

However, it tolerated the south and accepted the influence from other sources, which is what Bohemia called the fundamental baroque style. Christoph Dientzenhofer and his son Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer both live in Prague, and they are inspired by role models working in northern Italy, especially Guarino Guarini. It depicts the curvature of the walls and intersections in an elliptical space. However, during the period of Johann Michael Fischer, the most famous architect in Bavaria, we can see the influence of drift, that is, his early wall-column churches on some curved balconies, and balthasar neumann's works are usually regarded as the final synthesis of drift and German tradition.

The sacred architecture of Protestantism was a bit important in the Baroque period, and production was the only first priority, especially Frauenkirche who worked in Dresden. Architectural theory is more lively in the north than in Germany, that is, there is Nikolaus Goldmann, editor of Leonhard Christopher Sturm in the south, but Sturm's theoretical consideration (that is, architecture in Protestant churches) has never really been put into practical application. In the south, this theory fundamentally reduces the use of elements in architecture and illustrated books and prints as prototypes.

Palace construction is as important in the tolerant south as in the Protestant north. In the initial stage, when Italian architects and influences were in control (Vienna, La Stadt), French influences continued to overcome from1the second decade of the 8th century. The French model attached a cour d'honneur (courtyard) to the edge of the town (large villas entre cour and jardin) to depict the layout of horseshoe elephants, but Italy (and Austria) plans to show a modular elephant villa. The main achievements of German palace architecture are often solved with the close cooperation of several architects, which provides a synthesis of Austrian-Italian-French models. This brand-new, most outstanding palace combines the influences of Austria, Italy and France on architecture, and is the residence of W5urzburg. But its overall layout is horseshoe-shaped like the plan of France, with an internal courtyard attached. Its facade is combined with the classical order of French style, decorating Lucas von Hildebrandt's love into two superimposed stories; Its interior features the famous Austrian "Royal Stairs", and the rooms featuring the French model are on the courtyard side, inspired by the layout of the French castle "Appendix Half-double-decker".

At the peak of English Baroque architecture, Mr. Christopher Wren, Mr. john vanbrugh and Mr. Nicholas Hawksmore were introduced. Many examples of baroque architecture and urban planning have been found in other European towns, Spain and the United States. During this period, the characteristic of urban planning is that exothermic avenue crosses a square, which is inspired by baroque courtyard planning. In the Middle Ages, Europe reached its peak from 12 to 15, with profound changes in economy and society and unprecedented development of ideology, culture and art. The artistic style of this period is usually called "Gothic" style. The origin of the word "Goth" is quite difficult to say, because "Goth" was originally the name of a savage nomadic tribe in Scandinavia. Goths moved south from 1 century and settled in the Danube region, but in the long years after that, they did not develop this traceable artistic style. The famous Italian painter Raphael used the word "Goth" for the first time in his letter to Pope Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, in order to criticize the architectural style of Central and Northern Europe before the Renaissance, that is, to use the word "Goth" as a synonym for "barbarism", thus calling everything from northern Netherfield "Goth". Since then, Qiao Erqiao O 'vasari, an Italian art critic in16th century, has denounced all the art between ancient Europe and Renaissance as "the creation of Goths", and the name "Goth" has been used ever since. In fact, Gothic art has nothing to do with Gothic. It is a higher development of Romanesque art and a reflection of Catholic theology in the Middle Ages.

Gothic architecture first appeared in northern France in the first half of the12nd century. 1 140 to 1 144, the director of saint-denis Abbey in the north of Paris organized the reconstruction of the choir of the monastery church. He was the first to propose that church architecture should express the three ideals of light, height and number. According to this requirement, when building the hall, the architect tried to use the methods of extending to the height, adding windows and changing the proportion, which reflected the architectural style pioneered by Gothic art, and since then this style has been widely adopted throughout Europe. In Britain, the French architect William began to design the Gothic Canterbury Cathedral in 1 174. There are Southbury Cathedral built in 1220 and Westminster Abbey built in 1245. British architects created a "vertical" style to enhance the vertical rise and towering effect of Gothic churches. In France, Gothic architecture is widely admired and praised. At that time, Paris had replaced Rome as the center of the Catholic world in the Middle Ages. The religious atmosphere of Catholic belief, the supremacy of church power, and the medieval scholasticism, which emphasized rational exploration and complex and subtle thinking to get God's inspiration, were all expressed and embodied in the theological artistic conception and aesthetic taste of tall, lively and luxurious Gothic church buildings, so this artistic style was deeply favored by the French. The symbol of the maturity of French Gothic architecture is Notre Dame de Paris, which was founded in 1 163. In addition, the Chater Cathedral rebuilt by 12 15, the Amiens Cathedral built by 1220 and the Reims Cathedral built by 1225 are all examples of European Gothic churches. In their architectural art, the French created round flower windows and "flame-style" window decorations composed of three concentric circles, so that when the outside light passes through the glass windows, the church can emit brilliant and mysterious light. The carved prism decoration on the church steeple created by him enriches the gorgeous and elegant posture of Gothic architecture. This style also influenced Milan Cathedral in Italy, which was built in 1386. On both sides of it are clusters of towering minarets and supporting arches, carved like ivory, which are exquisite. Gothic architecture in Germany started late, the most spectacular of which is Cologne Cathedral built in 1248, while Ulm Cathedral built in 1377, with its spire as high as 16 1 m, is the tallest church in the world. Gothic churches in Germany have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, and tower buildings soaring into the sky have produced a strong soaring and sublimation effect, which is amazing.

Gothic sculpture art is mainly manifested in the relief group images in the center of the church lintel, as well as the statues of the Virgin Mary, Christ and saints on the door tickets and columns. Typical examples of these sculptures are the sculpture of the last trial at the west middle gate of Notre Dame de Paris and the cylindrical sculpture of the saints covering the main entrance of the cathedral, which is characterized by slender figure, stiff posture, and the figures' heads leaning forward and backward, looking around. In addition, Gothic figure sculpture also pays attention to the characteristics of clothing description and tension between lines, and they mostly use the image of the Virgin Child. Among them, the famous statue of the Virgin Krumo in Bohemia in the14th century is famous for its bright and clear structure and elegant lines. Madonna of Wirlof Church in avignon, which is famous for its "Gothic Swing", uses the curvature of ivory to carve a human figure into a twisted posture, giving people a vivid feeling.

Because the windows of Gothic churches are enlarged and the walls are narrowed, the painting art of Gothic churches is mainly stained glass windows, while churches in Italy and other places only leave some large-scale murals with religious themes. The stained glass window painting is based on the story of the Bible and is made of small pieces of stained glass in red, blue and purple. The most outstanding works are the glass window paintings of Chatterhouse Cathedral and Bruges Cathedral. Gothic murals are famous for their altar painting Good News of Angels, which was created by simone martini for Siena Cathedral in the14th century. Giotto is a famous artist in the transition period between Gothic and Renaissance art styles, and he created the woodcut "The Passion of Christ" for the Notre Dame Church in Florence in his early days. Although this painting has bold innovations in composition and color, it still belongs to the late Gothic painting art. In addition, Gothic art is also manifested in the production of sacred bone boxes and communion boxes popular in the Middle Ages, the carving of gold and silver jewelry, and the tapestry patterns and book illustrations of religious content.

Baroque architecture began in Italy at the beginning of17th century. It adopted humanists to construct new Roman vocabulary and used its new rhetoric, drama and sculpture to express the victory of autocratic church and country. The new building is worried about depicting the colors, light and shade of Baroque style and the value and intensity of sculpture.

The Roman architecture in Michelangelo's late period, especially St. Peter's Cathedral, may be regarded as the precursor of Baroque architecture, because the latter was designed to realize the great unity that was unknown earlier. His student Giacomo della Porta continued this work in Rome, especially in the facade of the Jesuit church Il Suge, which directly led to the most important facade of the early Baroque style, Saint Susanna of carlo maderno. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, baroque style spread all over Europe and Latin America, especially promoted by Jesuits.

The important features of baroque architecture are:

The narrow nave of the church was replaced by a wider and occasionally circular building.

Strong use of light, or strong contrast between light and shade, monochrome painting (i.e. the Wildenberg Abbey of the church), or consistent lighting through several windows (i.e. the Weingarten Abbey of the church).

Used for decoration (putty is made of wood (usually gold-plated), gypsum or plaster, marble or fake marble)

Large ceiling mural

The external facade is usually depicted as a sharp central prediction.

The inner shell is usually not used for painting and sculpture (especially in the late baroque style)

Illusion effects are like wrong-looking painting and mixed painting and architecture.

In the baroque style of Bavaria and Swabia, onion-shaped domes are common.

The sacred buildings in Baroque style are mainly influenced by Italian examples, especially the intersection of Rome and cathedral, dome and nave. The center of baroque secular architecture is France, and the three-wing layout of palaces was established as a standard method as early as16th century. But this is Salomon de Brosse's Palais du Luxembourg (built in 16 15- 1620), which established the baroque architectural paradigm.

For the first time, it is emphasized that legion des Logis is the representative main part of the building, but the wing is low. The tower was completely replaced by the central forecast. The following development complements the example of Vaux le Vicomte near Paris (which is the composition of the courtyard in the palace, built on 1656- 166 1), the architect Louis Levau and the gardener Andr3e Le N4otre. Similarly, the two artists said that this concept occupies a huge proportion in Royal Hunt Cottage and the latest main residence of Versailles (Extension 166 1 year-1690). Versailles is a model of many other European houses, including Mannheim, Nord Kirchen and Casetta.

In Central Europe, some Baroque periods started late. Augsburg architect Elias Hall (1573- 1646) and some theorists, including Joseph Futtenbach, have practiced the Baroque style, but they have not left any successors to fight because of thirty years of destruction. From about 1650, the resume of architectural works is as important as secular and missionary buildings. In the early stage, masons from southern Switzerland and northern Italy, during the so-called masons of magistri Grigioni and Lombard, especially the Carlone family from Val d'Intelvi, controlled this land. However, in the last three periods of the 17th century, Austria quickly developed its own typical Baroque style. John boyne Harder Fischer von Erach was moved by bernini. He forged a new royal style by writing architectural themes from the whole history, the most famous of which was in St. Cha? Hey? Romeo, his church is in Vienna. John lucas von Hildebrandt was trained in Italy. He developed a very decorative style, especially in the facade building, which had a strong influence on South Germany.

Usually, the baroque style in southern Germany stands out from the baroque style in northern Germany, and it is more appropriate to say that it is between Catholic and Protestant baroque styles respectively.

In the tolerant south, the Jesuit church of St. Michael in Munich is Italian style across the Alps. However, its influence on the further development of church buildings is quite limited. The Jesuit church in Dillingen (16 10- 17) provides a more practical and adaptable church building model: a church with wall columns, that is, the middle hall of a barrel-vaulted church is separated by wall columns, accompanied by a large open church. In Munich, in contrast to St. Michael, the main domes of the church and nave almost reached the height of the nave of the church, and their domes (usually horizontal barrel domes) bounced horizontally. The church provides adequate lighting equipment; Seen from the entrance of the church, the wall column forms a striking background next to the altar. Wahlberg School and Bavarian masons further developed the wall pillar church. The wall-pillar church is very good, which combines the church model of "hall" with the late Gothic period of the Germans. Churches with wall columns continued to be used in the18th century (that is, during the decay of early neoclassical churches). Early churches with wall columns can be decorated with re without any structural changes, that is, they are easy to polish in Dillingen Church.

However, it tolerated the south and accepted the influence from other sources, which is what Bohemia called the fundamental baroque style. Christoph Dientzenhofer and his son Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer both live in Prague, and they are inspired by role models working in northern Italy, especially Guarino Guarini. It depicts the curvature of the walls and intersections in an elliptical space. However, during the period of Johann Michael Fischer, the most famous architect in Bavaria, we can see the influence of drift, that is, his early wall-column churches on some curved balconies, and balthasar neumann's works are usually regarded as the final synthesis of drift and German tradition.

The sacred architecture of Protestantism was a bit important in the Baroque period, and production was the only first priority, especially Frauenkirche who worked in Dresden. Architectural theory is more lively in the north than in Germany, that is, there is Nikolaus Goldmann, editor of Leonhard Christopher Sturm in the south, but Sturm's theoretical consideration (that is, architecture in Protestant churches) has never really been put into practical application. In the south, this theory is basically simplified to using elements in architecture and illustrated books and prints as prototypes.

Palace construction is as important in the tolerant south as in the Protestant north. In the initial stage, when Italian architects and influences were in control (Vienna, La Stadt), French influences continued to overcome from1the second decade of the 8th century. The French model attached a cour d'honneur (courtyard) to the edge of the town (large villas entre cour and jardin) to depict the layout of horseshoe elephants, but Italy (and Austria) plans to show a modular elephant villa. The main achievements of German palace architecture are often solved with the close cooperation of several architects, which provides a synthesis of Austrian-Italian-French models. This brand-new, most outstanding palace combines the influences of Austria, Italy and France on architecture, and is the residence of W5urzburg. But its overall layout is horseshoe-shaped like the plan of France, with an internal courtyard attached. Its facade is combined with the classical order of French style, decorating Lucas von Hildebrandt's love into two superimposed stories; Its interior features the famous Austrian "Royal Stairs", and the rooms featuring the French model are on the courtyard side, inspired by the layout of the French castle "Appendix Half-double-decker".

At the peak of English Baroque architecture, Mr. Christopher Wren, Mr. john vanbrugh and Mr. Nicholas Hawksmore were introduced. Many examples of baroque architecture and urban planning have been found in other European towns, Spain and the United States. During this period, the characteristic of urban planning is that exothermic avenue crosses a square, which is inspired by baroque courtyard planning.

In the Middle Ages, Europe reached its peak from 12 to 15, with profound changes in economy and society and unprecedented development of ideology, culture and art. The artistic style of this period is usually called "Gothic" style. The origin of the word "Goth" is quite difficult to say, because "Goth" was originally the name of a savage nomadic tribe in Scandinavia. Goths moved south from 1 century and settled in the Danube region, but in the long years after that, they did not develop this traceable artistic style. The famous Italian painter Raphael used the word "Goth" for the first time in his letter to Pope Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, in order to criticize the architectural style of Central and Northern Europe before the Renaissance, that is, to use the word "Goth" as a synonym for "barbarism", thus calling everything from northern Netherfield "Goth". Since then, Qiao Erqiao O 'vasari, an Italian art critic in16th century, has denounced all the art between ancient Europe and Renaissance as "the creation of Goths", and the name "Goth" has been used ever since. In fact, Gothic art has nothing to do with Gothic. It is a higher development of Romanesque art and a reflection of Catholic theology in the Middle Ages.

Gothic architecture first appeared in northern France in the first half of the12nd century. 1 140 to 1 144, the director of saint-denis Abbey in the north of Paris organized the reconstruction of the choir of the monastery church. He was the first to propose that church architecture should express the three ideals of light, height and number. According to this requirement, when building the hall, the architect tried to use the methods of extending to the height, adding windows and changing the proportion, which reflected the architectural style pioneered by Gothic art, and since then this style has been widely adopted throughout Europe. In Britain, the French architect William began to design the Gothic Canterbury Cathedral in 1 174. There are Southbury Cathedral built in 1220 and Westminster Abbey built in 1245. British architects created a "vertical style" to enhance the vertical rise and towering effect of Gothic churches. In France, Gothic architecture is widely admired and praised. At that time, Paris had replaced Rome as the center of the Catholic world in the Middle Ages. The religious atmosphere of Catholic belief, the supremacy of church power, and the medieval scholasticism, which emphasized rational exploration and complex and subtle thinking to get God's inspiration, were all expressed and embodied in the theological artistic conception and aesthetic taste of tall, lively and luxurious Gothic church buildings, so this artistic style was deeply favored by the French. The symbol of the maturity of French Gothic architecture is Notre Dame de Paris, which was founded in 1 163. In addition, the Chater Cathedral rebuilt by 12 15, the Amiens Cathedral built by 1220 and the Reims Cathedral built by 1225 are all examples of European Gothic churches. In their architectural art, the French created round flower windows and "flame-style" window decorations composed of three concentric circles, so that when the outside light passes through the glass windows, the church can emit brilliant and mysterious light. The carved prism decoration on the church steeple created by him enriches the gorgeous and elegant posture of Gothic architecture. This style also influenced Milan Cathedral in Italy, which was built in 1386. On both sides of it are clusters of towering minarets and supporting arches, carved like ivory, which are exquisite. Gothic architecture in Germany started late, the most spectacular of which is Cologne Cathedral built in 1248, while Ulm Cathedral built in 1377, with its spire as high as 16 1 m, is the tallest church in the world. Gothic churches in Germany have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, and tall buildings have sprung up in the sky.