1 Shen Kuo (1033- 1097) Shen Kuo, a native of Qiantang in the Northern Song Dynasty, was a versatile scholar in the history of China, and1/kloc-0 was a first-rate scientist in the century. When I was a teenager, I went to Runzhou, Quanzhou, Kaifeng, Jiangning and other places with my father Shen Zhou, which increased my knowledge beyond books and laid a good foundation for his future study. Shen Kuo has been studious since he was a child. He is interested in astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, water conservancy, military affairs, literature and music, and has made outstanding achievements. In Tokyo (Kaifeng), he served as the editor and director of Zhao Wen Museum, which gave him the opportunity to read a large number of rich royal books. In his later years, he put forward the idea of using the solar calendar, that is, the "twelve-qi calendar", which made him the first person in the world to propose the combination of the solar calendar and the lunar calendar. He made a scientific analysis of the shortcomings of the traditional calendar, saying that it was laborious and did not solve the problem that the traditional calendar used the leap month method to adjust the cycle of the sun and the moon. To this end, he advocated the adoption of the solar calendar, which divided a year into twelve months according to the twelve solar terms. 1930, Bernard Shaw, director of the British Met Office, put forward the same theory as Shen Kuo, but it was more than 900 years later than Shen Kuo. 1070 (Xining three years), Shen Kuo actively participated in Wang Anshi's political reform and became one of Wang Anshi's main assistants. He used to be "the power of the three divisions" (in charge of finance and economy) and "concurrently sentenced to the military supervision". 1090 (five years in Yuan You) Shen Kuo is 58 years old and lives in Meng Xi Park, Runzhou (now outside the east gate of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Meng Qian Bi Tan, written by him, is the crystallization of his lifelong study and practice. There are 30 volumes in the book, which are divided into stories, dialectics, music, images, personnel, government affairs, wisdom, art, calligraphy and painting, skills, installations, magic, strange things, fallacies, jokes, magazines, medical discussions, etc. 17, with 609 articles. There are more than 200 items related to science and technology, such as the discussion of copper pot dripping, concave mirror's explanation, the discussion of transparent mirror, the production of three-dimensional terrain model, the experience of using compass, the discovery of geomagnetic declination and so on. With its extensive content and unique originality, this book is called "the coordinate in the history of science in China" by Joseph Needham, a British expert in the history of science and technology. Shen Kuo lived in Hangzhou twice in his life, traveled to Zhejiang and worked in Xiuzhou (now Jiaxing). Once he 19 returned to his hometown with his father, who died of illness. He buried his father in Qianlong Curie, Qiantang, and did not leave until his father died at the age of 22. The second time, at the age of 36, she escorted her mother's coffin back to Hangzhou and was buried in a dragon's pony. I didn't return to Beijing until I was 39. At the age of forty-one, Shen Kuo was ordered to come to Zhejiang to control water conservancy and visit Zhejiang all over the country, and proposed to the court to build dams and weirs in Wenzhou, Taiwan Province and the east of Ming Dynasty to increase cultivated land. When he visited Yandang Mountain, he gave a scientific explanation for the formation of the strange peak of Yandang Mountain for the first time. Shen Kuo has a deep attachment to his hometown of Hangzhou. In Meng Xi's written talk, he carefully recorded people's deeds, scientific and technological achievements, policy gains and losses, and so on. Shen Kuo died in Meng Xi Park at the age of 65. On his deathbed, he told his descendants to bury his body outside his hometown of Hangzhou. Shen Gong Jingxiang, near Hou Jing Street in downtown Hangzhou, is his former residence. The tomb is in Anxi Township, not far from Hangzhou. 2 Gong Zizhen (1792 ~ 184 1) was a thinker and historian in the late Qing Dynasty. Gong Zuo, a native of Zise. Zhejiang Renhe (now Hangzhou) people. Twenty-seven years old is a juren. In the first year of Daoguang (182 1), he worked as a proofreader in the National History Museum. It took nine years to become a scholar. This official is in charge of the etiquette department. In nineteen years, he abandoned his official position and returned to the south. 2 1 year, died suddenly in Yunyang College, Jiangsu. Gong Zizhen first inherited the origin of family studies, starting with writing and exegesis, and then gradually dabbled in epigraphy and bibliography, covering poetry, geography and classics. Deeply influenced by the "Spring and Autumn Branches" that rose at that time. Facing the deepening social crisis during Jia Dao's reign, he gave up textual research and exegetics, focused on world affairs and devoted his life to reform. In his youth, he wrote On Liang Ming and On the occasion of B and C, which exposed and criticized the accumulated disadvantages of feudal autocracy. His thought was the first sound for Kang Youwei and others to advocate Gongyangxue and reform Gongyangxue system. After middle age, although he turned to study Buddhism, his ambition of "saving the world" was not depressed. He supported Lin Zexu to ban opium and suggested that Lin Zexu strengthen military facilities and be prepared to fight against British invaders. Gong Zizhen's lifelong pursuit of "multi-laws" was not realized until his death, but it had a beneficial impact in many aspects. On the social view, he pointed out that the root of social instability lies in the disparity between the rich and the poor, and called for the reform of the imperial examination system to attract "knowledgeable and practical" talents. Philosophically, this paper expounds the viewpoint of Tiantai Sect of Buddhism, and puts forward the viewpoint that human nature is "without good and evil" and "both good and evil rise". In historiography, he called for "respecting history" and devoted himself to the discussion of history and geography in northwest China. In literature, he put forward the theory of "respecting feelings" and advocated the unity of poetry and people. His life was rich in poetry and prose, and later generations compiled The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen. Among the famous teachers and craftsmen who made important contributions to the development of ancient architectural technology in China, Yu Hao, an expert in wood structure in the early Northern Song Dynasty, was an outstanding representative. Yu Haozhuan Yu Hao lived in the late Five Dynasties and the early Northern Song Dynasty. He comes from Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, and is a humble builder. Due to the lack of historical records, I only know that he worked as a carpenter (a carpenter in charge of design and construction) in the early Northern Song Dynasty and engaged in architectural practice for a long time. In this long-term practice, he is diligent in thinking, good at learning from others, and has accumulated rich experience in wood structure construction technology, especially in building multi-storey pagodas, pavilions and pavilions. Calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty-Chu Suiliang, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, opened the emperor for six years (AD 596)-Tang Gaozong celebrated for four years (AD 659), aged 64. Qiantang, Hangzhou, was a famous doctor in the early Tang Dynasty. When Emperor Gaozong was the Duke of Henan, he was called "Chu Henan". His calligraphy was a beginner in Shinan. In his later years, he accepted Zhong You and Wang Xizhi and merged with Han Li to form his own family. Together with Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan and Xue Ji, they are called the four great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. According to legend, after Yu Shinan's death, Emperor Taizong sighed that no one could discuss books. Wei Zhi praised: "Chu Suiliang's efforts won Wang Yi a reputation." Wei Zhi believes that he has a deep understanding of Wang Zi and has the ability to identify the authenticity of Wang Zi. The book review in the Tang Dynasty said that his words were: "Words are gold, deeds are jade, rules are Wen Ya, and beauty is more." His preface to the Wild Goose Pagoda has its own method. In this monument, he integrated Yu, Europe and France, and the two were natural. From the perspective of charm, it is catching up with the king, but when it is tied with a pen, it is round and thin. His calligraphy is not only "quaint and vulgar, thin and hard", but also has a pair of exquisite and magical eyes for calligraphy appreciation. In the twelfth year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, due to the unfortunate death of Yu Shinan, a famous calligrapher, Chu Suiliang was summoned and appointed as a book assistant. Once, Emperor Taizong got a scroll of Mo Bao, an ancient man, and asked Chu Suiliang to see if it was written by Wang Xizhi. Chu Suiliang looked at it for a while and said, "This is a fake of Wang Xizhi." Surprised, Emperor Taizong asked Chu Suiliang how he knew. Chu Suiliang asked Emperor Taizong to pick up this scroll of calligraphy and look through the sunshine. Chu Suiliang pointed to the characters "Xiao" and "Bo" and said to Emperor Taizong, "There is a layer of ink darker than the outer layer in the dots and strokes of this small character. Wang Xizhi's calligraphy is so fascinating that there should be no such failure. " Hearing this, Emperor Taizong admired Chu Suiliang's vision from the bottom of his heart. Since then, Emperor Taizong has collected Wang Xizhi's ink. Whenever it is difficult to distinguish between true and false, he always asks Chu Suiliang to help him identify it. Later, he was ordered to catalogue these precious calligraphy and keep it in the palace. His handed down works include regular script "Monument to Mencius", "Preface to the Holy Teaching of Yanta" and "A Que Buddhist Shrine". The Monument to Meng's Family, whose full name is the Monument to Meng's Family, is a combination of Europe and danger, as beautiful and dignified as Europe. Yu Shinan's calligraphy is elegant and relaxed, while Ou Yangxun's calligraphy is vigorous and dangerous. The font is more square and beautiful, and the brushwork is too full of ups and downs. Some words are elegant and dignified, which are representative works of Chu middle-aged calligraphy. Tang Zhenguan was established in the 16th year (642). The preface to Jigong's holy teachings is also known as the preface to Yanta's holy teachings: regular script is Chu Suiliang's masterpiece, which died six years after it was written. It can also be said that it is a masterpiece left by him in his later years. The font is thin and rich. In the 4th year of Yonghui in Tang Gaozong (AD 653), two stone carvings were erected under the Big Wild Goose Pagoda of Xi Ci 'en Temple in Shaanxi. The front inscription reads "Preface to the Holy Teaching" and the back inscription reads "Record of the Holy Teaching". 5 Zhou Bangyan: (1056-1121) a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty. The word Meicheng was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). , Tai, Professor Luzhou, Zhilishui County, etc. Hui Zong is waiting for Huiyou Pavilion and promoting Sheng Da's house. Proficient in melody, he created many new tones. Most of his works are based on boudoir love and travel, and there are also works of chanting things. The rules are strict. Language is elegant and elegant. Long tunes are particularly good at narration. It was later occupied by metrical poets. In the old ci theory, he was called "the crown of ci poets". A group of Muslim laymen have been lost. The main words are Su Muzhe (Liao), Liang Zhu (the moon is full of surprises, Wu Qi is impermanent) and Liu Qinglv (the knife is as bright as water).