Hong Kong Island, with an area of 75.6 square kilometers, was under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County (now Shenzhen) in Guangdong Province in Qing Dynasty. It is an island outside the Pearl River Estuary, more than 40 kilometers away from Guangzhou/KLOC-0, at the crossroads of the world waterway and the gateway to South China. Its geographical location is very important. Therefore, it has long been coveted by Britain, which is trying to occupy our coastal islands.
As early as 1637, British warships broke into the Pearl River, shelled and occupied Humen Fort, and were repelled by China soldiers and civilians. 1793, on the grounds of celebrating Ganlong's eightieth birthday, Britain sent a mission headed by Madzar Nils to China, and put forward unreasonable demands such as ceding islands near Zhoushan and places near Guangzhou, which were rejected by the Qing government. 1834, Lloyd, the British commercial supervisor in China, formally put forward the idea of seizing Hong Kong. He believed that Hong Kong could be used as a commercial and military base for British invasion of China. During the Opium War, the occupation of Hong Kong went from gestation to action.
At first, the British bourgeoisie tried to open the door to China through commodity aggression. After being stubbornly rejected by China's traditional self-sufficient natural economy, it began to turn to opium smuggling trade, resulting in a large outflow of silver from China, which triggered a serious social and economic crisis. People in China insist on banning smoking. The feudal rulers also saw the serious disaster brought by opium smuggling to China society. In order to maintain their feudal rule, at the end of 1838, Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy to Guangzhou to ban opium. With the encouragement and support of the people's anti-aggression struggle, Lin Zexu forced foreign businessmen to hand over a huge amount of opium of more than 2.37 million Jin and destroyed it in Humentan. China has won a great victory in the fight against smoking. In order to protect the opium smuggling trade, the British bourgeoisie launched the first opium war against China in late June of 1840 on the pretext of "protecting trade".
During the Opium War, Daoguang hesitated to make peace. Lin Zexu, Deng Tingzhen and other officials who advocated loyal subjects turned against each other were overthrown, and those who advocated compromise and surrender, such as Qishan and Bu, were reused. 1840 In August, the British army invaded Baihekou, Tianjin, and made unreasonable demands to the Qing government, such as ceding the island and compensating the tobacco price. Under the threat of British force, Daoguang Emperor sent Qishan, the governor of Zhili, to Guangzhou to negotiate with Britain. The negotiations began in February 65438. Qishan promised to compensate for the price of cigarettes, but refused to cede the island. Later, under the threat and blackmail of the British army, Qi Shan gave in, and on June 5438+084115, he informed the British representative that Britain was allowed to "choose a place to stay in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon" without authorization (quoted from Sasaki Tadashi: A Study on the Opium War (information article), 70. Daoguang was very angry when he learned about it. He ordered Qishan to be removed from his post, locked him up and escorted him back to Beijing for interrogation. On184165438+120, Iraq and France unilaterally announced the establishment of the draft convention on nasal piercing, regardless of whether it was approved by the Qing government or not. 654381October 26th, Yili announced the occupation of Hong Kong Island and raised the British flag on the island.
Britain was still not satisfied with the draft Convention on Nose Penetration, so it sent Pu Dingcha as the plenipotentiary to lead additional invading troops to China to expand the war of aggression. 1842 On August 29th, the British invaders arrived at the gate of Nanking, and the Qing government was forced to conclude the first unequal treaty with Britain in modern China, namely the treaty of nanking. In addition to paying compensation of 2 1 10,000 silver dollars, the treaty opened five ports in Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai and "fair negotiations" on tariffs, and also formally occupied Hong Kong Island. Paragraph 3 of the treaty stipulates: "Those who cede Hong Kong Island to the King of England and succeed to the throne will remain in office forever and be governed by legislation" (quoted from Wang Tieya: Compilation of Chinese and Foreign Old Testaments, vol. 1, p. 30). 18 On April 5th, 1943, the British government formally established a colonial ruling institution on Hong Kong Island. Since then, Hong Kong Island has become a British colony and a base for long-term aggression against China.
Second, lease the South Kowloon Peninsula.
South Kowloon Peninsula covers an area of 1 1. 1 km2, and is located in the east of the Pearl River Estuary. It is a peninsula extending into the sea, and its scope is China territory south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula. Across the sea from Hong Kong Island, this place is the barrier of Hong Kong and has long been coveted by Britain.
1856 10 While the Qing government was busy suppressing peasant uprisings such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Britain and France launched the Second Opium War. The Qing army was defeated again and again. 1858 In March, the captain of the British Kolkata ship formally proposed to the Navy Department to occupy Kowloon as the periphery of Hong Kong Island. 1860 February, British consul in Guangzhou Parkes sent troops to occupy Kowloon. 2 1 In March, Parkes forced Lao Shiguang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to sign an agreement in Guangzhou to "permanently lease" the Kowloon Peninsula south of today's Boundary Street to Britain at an annual rent of 500 taels. In June 1860, 10, 65438, 10, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438.
Third, the "New Territories" should be forcibly leased.
The total area of "New Territories" is 975. 1 km2. Its scope includes islands and waters south of Shenzhen River, north of Boundary Street and nearby.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, world capitalism has entered the stage of imperialism. Their struggle for the colony became more intense. 1894, the Japanese launched the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to invade North Korea and China, 1895, China was defeated. The Qing government was forced to sign "treaty of shimonoseki", ceded land for compensation, and humiliated the country, which fully exposed its decadent and traitorous face. After the war, imperialist countries set off a frenzy to carve up China. One of its means is to lease many seaports and fortresses in China by force, which is called "leased land". China lost all power in the "leased land". So the leased land is actually equivalent to a colony occupied by imperialism. 1on March 6, 898, Germany forcibly leased JIAOZHOU bay for 99 years. On March 27th, Russia forcibly leased Lushun and Dalian for 25 years. 10 April, France forcibly leased Guangzhou Bay for 99 years; On June 9th, Britain used the excuse of checking and balancing France to force the Qing government to sign the Charter for Expanding Hong Kong's Border, and forcibly leased 230 islands south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street, as well as Dapeng Bay in the east, Shenzhen Bay in the west, Lamma Island and Dayu Island in the south for 99 years. The British side calls these "newly leased land" the "New Territories". It's called "lease", but it doesn't mention the rent problem at all. The takeover of "New Territories" began at 1 July 8981and ended at 00: 00 on July 97/kloc-0. Britain occupied 106 1.8 square kilometers of territory in Hong Kong through the above three unequal treaties.
Really copied it, because it is better to be strict on historical issues.
References:
modern history of China