Red wine (pú táo jiǔ): According to the regulations of the International Wine Organization, wine can only be a beverage made of crushed or unbroken fresh grape fruit or juice by full or partial alcohol fermentation, and its alcohol content should not be lower than 8.5; According to China's latest wine standard GB 15037-2006, wine is an alcoholic beverage with an alcohol content of not less than 7.0% made from fresh grapes or grape juice through complete or partial fermentation. There are usually two kinds of red wine and white wine. The former is made by soaking and fermenting red grapes with skins, and the latter is made by fermenting grape juice. According to the color of finished products, it can be divided into red wine, white wine and pink wine. Red wine can be subdivided into dry red wine, semi-dry red wine, semi-sweet red wine and sweet red wine, while white wine can be subdivided into dry white wine, semi-dry white wine, semi-sweet white wine and sweet white wine. According to historical legends, ancient Persia was one of the cradles of ancient civilization. Most historians believe that Persia may be the first country to brew wine in the world. Photo album of wine (20 photos) Legend has it that there was a Persian king in ancient times. He loved grapes very much and kept them tightly in a big pottery jar, marked "poisonous" to prevent people from stealing them. A few days later, one of the king's wives got tired of life and drank a drink made of grapes from a jar marked "poisonous" without authorization. It tastes very good. Not only did he not end his life, but he was very excited. The princess was full of confidence in life. She specially held a cup for the king, who liked it very much after drinking it. After that, the king ordered the ripe grapes to be collected, compacted in containers and fermented into wine. Wine estates were accompanied by ancient wars and commercial activities, and wine-making methods were spread all over Arab countries such as Israel, Syria and Asia Minor. Because Arab countries believe in Islam and Islam advocates prohibition of alcohol, the wine-making industry in Arab countries is declining and is almost banned at present. Later, the method of making wine spread from Persia and Egypt to Greece, Rome and Gaul (that is, France). Then, the brewing technology and consumption habits of wine spread from Greece, Italy and France to European countries. Because Europeans believe in Christianity, Christians call bread and wine the flesh and blood of God, and regard wine as an indispensable drink and wine in life, so wine has developed in European countries. Therefore, France, Italy and Spain have become the "lakes" of wine in the world today, and European countries also consume the most wine per capita in the world today. The wine production of European countries accounts for more than 80% of the world's total wine production. There are many varieties of wine, and the product styles are different due to the different grape planting and wine production conditions. Wine is generally classified by color depth, sugar content, carbon dioxide content and brewing method, and is also classified by origin and raw material name abroad. The specific classification is as follows: (1) Liquor is made by separating and fermenting white grapes or grapes with red skin and white meat. The color of wine is yellowish with green, almost colorless or yellowish, straw yellow and golden yellow. Any color such as dark yellow, khaki, tan or tan does not meet the color requirements of white wine. (2) Red wine: It is made from grapes with red skin and white meat or red skin and flesh by mixed fermentation of grape skin and grape juice. The color of wine is natural deep ruby red, ruby red, purple red or pomegranate red, and any yellow-brown, brown or earthy brown does not meet the color requirements of red wine. (3) Pink wine: made of colored red grapes by skin fermentation or separate fermentation. Wine is light red, pink, orange or rose. Any color that is too dark or too light does not meet the requirements of pink wine. This wine tastes fresh and fruity, and the tannin content should not be too high. Rose grape, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and French blue are all suitable for making pink wine. The composition of red wine is quite complicated. It is a natural fermented fruit wine. Grape juice accounts for more than 80%, followed by alcohol naturally fermented by sugar in grapes, which is generally 10% ~ 13%. The remaining substance is 1000, and more than 300 is more important. Other important components of red wine, such as wine acid, fruit, minerals and tannic acid. Although the proportion of these substances is not high, they are the decisive factors of wine quality. Good quality and good taste of red wine is because they can present a balance of organizational structure, which makes people enjoy the taste endlessly. Wine is not just a solution of water and alcohol, it has rich connotations: A.80% water. This is pure water in the biological sense, which is directly drawn from the soil with vines. B 9.5- 15% ethanol, which is the main alcohol. After sugar fermentation, it is slightly sweet, giving wine an aromatic taste. C. acid. Some come from grapes, such as tartaric acid, malic acid and citric acid; Some are produced by alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation, such as lactic acid and acetic acid. These main acids play an important role in the acidic flavor and balanced taste of wine. Phenolic compounds. 1 to 5 grams per liter, mainly natural red pigments and tannins, which determine the color and structure of red wine. 0.2 to 5 grams of sugar per liter. Different kinds of wine have different sugar contents. F. Aromatic substances (hundreds of milligrams per liter) are volatile and varied. G. amino acids, protein and vitamins (c, B 1, B2, B 12, PP). They will affect the nutritional value of wine. Therefore, moderate drinking is beneficial to human health, which can protect blood vessels, prevent arteriosclerosis and lower cholesterol. & lt/SUP & gt； Raw materials-grape varieties are divided into table grape varieties and wine grape varieties. The grapes we usually see are all table grapes. Wine grape belongs to Ampelidecese family, and all wine grape varieties belong to Vitaceae and genus in Ampelidecese 10 families and genera, among which European grape is the most important, because 99.99% of the world's wines are brewed with European grape varieties. Grape is a variety used to brew good wine in Europe at present. There are more than 8,000 kinds of grapes that can make wine in the world, but there are only about 50 kinds of grapes that can make good wine, which can be roughly divided into white grapes and red grapes. White grapes, with turquoise and yellow colors, are mainly used to brew sparkling wine and white wine. Red grapes are black, blue, purplish red and deep red, some have dark pulp and some are colorless like white grapes. Therefore, red grapes with white flesh can be peeled and juiced to make white wine. For example, black Pi Nuo can be used to make champagne and white wine. 1. Excellent varieties of white wine 1. Long Yan, also known as Qiu Zi and Purple Grape, is an ancient cultivated variety in China. This variety has strong adaptability and is resistant to storage and transportation. It is one of the main raw materials for brewing high-grade liquor. The brewed wine is light yellow, pure in flavor, delicate in body, soft and refreshing. 2.Risling Riesling originated in Germany and was introduced to China from Europe in 1892. Widely cultivated in Yantai, Shandong and Jiaodong. This variety has strong adaptability and easy cultivation, but its disease resistance is poor. The brewed wine is light straw yellow, with rich aroma and pure wine quality. Mainly used for brewing dry white wine, sweet white wine and champagne. 3. White feather (Rkatsiteli) White feather alias Erkazigeli, white wing, native to Georgia. The brewed wine is light yellow, with harmonious fruit aroma and complete body. This variety has good cultivation characteristics and strong adaptability. It is one of the main varieties of liquor brewing in China at present, and can also brew brandy and champagne. 4. Italian Riesling, also known as Easterling and Risling, is a Eurasian species, native to southern France. The brewed wine is light yellow, fruity, mellow and refreshing, and has a long aftertaste. This variety has strong adaptability and is easy to manage. It is one of the main varieties for brewing high-quality white wine, and it is also an ancient wine-making variety of General Li grape in the world. 5. White Pi Nuo, also known as White Pi Nuo and Gray Pi Nuo, is a Eurasian species, which is native to France. The brewed wine is light yellow, fragrant and refreshing, with a long aftertaste, typical. This variety is a variety of Black Pi Nuo, which is suitable for brewing dry white wine and champagne. There are also varieties suitable for brewing white wine: Jimeiyate, Miller, Banati, Sauvignon Blanc, Red Rose, Qiong Yaojiang, Bai Shinan, Semillon, Chardonnay, Bai Fuer and so on. 6. Chardonnay: alias Chardonnay and Chardonnay. 7. Sauvignon B 1anc: It is also known as Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc. 8. Bai Xianning: It is difficult to give an alias to a hundred poems. Second, the fine variety of red wine 1. French Orchid French Orchid, also known as Agate Red, belongs to Eurasian species and originated in Austria. The brewed wine is ruby red and mellow in taste. This variety has strong adaptability, good cultivation performance, high yield and easy management, and is one of the excellent varieties for brewing red wine in China. 2. Carignan Carignan, alias French Red, belongs to Eurasian species and is native to Spain. The wine is deep ruby red, pure in taste and full-bodied. This variety has strong adaptability, salt tolerance and high yield. It is one of the excellent varieties for brewing red wine and can also be used for brewing white wine. 3. Muscat Hamburg, also known as Musk Hamburg, is a Eurasian species, originally from Britain. The brewed wine is reddish brown, soft and refreshing, and has a strong musk flavor. This variety has strong adaptability and is cultivated everywhere. Besides being used as the raw material of sweet red wine, it can also be used to brew dry white wine. 4. Cabernet Sauvignon