2. enclosed courtyards and courtyards. Courtyard has been the main form of architecture in China for thousands of years. Enclosure means not only physical protection, but also something that establishes the relationship between people. Enclosed to form an independent and complete local space, feel a sense of security and belonging.
3. scarlet doors and hollowed-out windows. Scarlet, also known as China Red, means nobility and authority, and the scarlet gate symbolizes solemnity. The hollowed-out flower window is a pattern with different styles and meanings through carving, which plays the role of decoration and beautification, and also has the functions of lighting, ventilation, dust prevention and space separation.
4. Stone carving, wood carving and brick carving. Huizhou woodcarving, stone carving and brick carving are good at dealing with the true colors of raw materials, which can not only be dissolved in the whole building, but also be as fresh and elegant as ink painting, especially woodcarving, which is the icing on the cake for antique buildings.
5. sloping roof. In China, the sloping roof is almost synonymous with traditional architecture, and occupies a decisive position in traditional architecture.
6. cornices. China's unique architectural structure is a special treatment and creation of the eaves of ancient buildings in China, which is often used at the corner of the roofs of pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, palaces and temples.
7. Siheyuan. The planning and layout of quadrangle buildings is characterized by north-south symmetry and closed and independent courtyards.
8. Bricks, tiles or painted walls. "White wall and black tile" is white wall and black tile, which is used to describe a house. In terms of architectural color, the blue bricks, white walls and tiles of the houses in the south of the Yangtze River have formed an ancient and elegant style. The blue tiles on the roof, the blue bricks on the exterior wall, the roof, eaves, bucket walls, Guanyin bucket ridges or horsehead walls, white tiles and courtyards form a patchwork rhythm and profound architectural group style.
China architectural style
1, Anhui Architecture
The dignity of Huizhou architecture lies in its elegant Millennium Huizhou folk houses. It can be said that Huizhou architecture is one of the most prominent architectural styles among the six architectural schools. It is characterized by blue tiles and white walls, and the brick-carved gatehouse is the most prominent.
Among them, Huizhou School is the most familiar Huizhou School, which was listed in the World Heritage List in 2000. Folk houses, ancestral temples and memorial archways are the most typical, and they are known as the three wonders of Huizhou ancient buildings.
There are also "three carvings" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) in the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses, which are different in style and come down in one continuous line. Skillful craftsmen do their best, each pattern and every carving is rigorous in structure and exquisite in carving.
Huizhou folk houses form an inward courtyard with the deep courtyard as the center. Surrounded by high walls, rainwater falling from the roof flows into the patio in rainy days, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fat water does not flow to outsiders".
The patchwork horse-headed wall is the crowning touch of the whole Huizhou architecture. It is not only beautiful in shape, but also incorporates the wisdom of the ancients. In case of fire, this design can block the spread of fire, which is safe and reliable.
2. Supai architecture
The dignity of Supai architecture lies in its existence in Suzhou gardens for thousands of years. Supai architecture is the architectural style in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and it is the epitome of the architectural style in the north and south, and the garden layout is one of its remarkable features.
The roof with high ridge angle, graceful Zoumalou, brick-carved gatehouse, Luva window, and the street-crossing building in the south of the Yangtze River are light and simple, simple and elegant, which embodies the artistic characteristics of being clear, light, elegant and flat, and is full of the simple and quiet meaning of the water town in the south of the Yangtze River.
The classical gardens in China pay attention to twists and turns, but they are hidden. Surrounded by it, there is a feeling that "my road twists and turns through a sheltered valley, branches and flowers, leading to a Buddhist retreat" and "a thousand voices are quiet, but the bell is ringing" There are twists and turns in direct exposure and ups and downs in relief, which makes people memorable.
3. Fujian architecture
The dignity of Fujian-style architecture lies in the earth building that has been passed down for more than 500 years. Fujian, that is, Fujian, Fujian-style folk houses are a kind of architectural style popular in southern Fujian. Among them, "earth building" is its most distinctive representative, and it is a kind of defensive residential building for people to live in.
The earth building gives full play to the rammed earth technology, and the scale of single building is grand and fine. The bunker-style architectural style has been used to this day, which can prevent fire and earthquake and defend against enemy invasion.
It originated from the ancient adobe building technology in the Central Plains, appeared in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and continues to this day.
Fujian architecture will bring the long-standing rammed earth technology into full play, and the single building is large in scale, with different shapes, surrounded by mountains and rivers, and patchwork; Unique architectural style, exquisite engineering technology and rich cultural connotation.
Common buildings are round buildings, square buildings, five peaks buildings and palace buildings. The building has complete production, living and defense facilities, which is a unique type of traditional residential buildings in China, and provides valuable material for the research of architecture, anthropology and other disciplines.
"Big Fish Begonia" is a national film with Yongding Hakka earth building as the story scene. As its author said, "The earth buildings in Fujian, China, are fantastic and mysterious, like from heaven."
4. Beijing school buildings
The dignity of Beijing-style architecture lies in its quadrangles that have evolved for more than 700 years. Beijing-style buildings are the most typical buildings in northern China, while quadrangles in Beijing are spacious and surrounded by independent houses. From the palace to the civilian residence, every sculpture and painting is an invaluable treasure of northern culture.
Historically, there used to be more than 1000 hutongs in the 49 cities of old Beijing, and the residential quadrangles in the capital were scattered in all the hutongs. Hutong quadrangles are also one of the elements of old Beijing folk culture and the carrier of ordinary people's life and work, which has profound historical value.
The site selection, decoration, sculpture and painting of quadrangles reflect the long-standing folk customs and traditional culture in various places, and show people's pursuit of happiness, beauty, prosperity and auspiciousness under specific historical conditions.
Siheyuan embodies the common memory of people who have lived here for generations. The courtyard is wide, the scale is appropriate, the courtyard is kind and quiet, and there is a simple and strong life atmosphere. In my spare time, it is a great pleasure to invite three or five confidants to talk in the courtyard.
In addition to quadrangles, palace architecture is also a masterpiece of Beijing-style architecture, among which the Forbidden City is the masterpiece of palace architecture, representing the highest level of traditional architectural art. It can be said that it is a huge quadrangle with wider functions and clearer division of labor, giving people a sense of royal majesty.
5. Gold medal building
The respectability of the Golden School architecture lies in its magnificent Qiao family courtyard, arched cornices, gold ornaments, running-in of bricks and tiles, and exquisite towers. More than 300 houses in six courtyards are strewn at random, showing the sedate atmosphere and rigor of Shanxi businessmen.
Jin School is just a general term, not only referring to Shanxi, but also including parts of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai. Among these areas, Shanxi's architectural style is the most mature, so it is collectively referred to as Jin School architecture.
Jin-style architecture can be roughly divided into two categories: one is urban architecture in Shanxi, that is, Jin-style architecture in a narrow sense; The other is cave architecture in northern Shaanxi and its surrounding areas, which is also the most widely distributed architectural style in northwest China.
The architecture of Shanxi Merchants School reflects the character of Shanxi Merchants to a great extent, which is stable, atmospheric, rigorous and deep. The cornice of the bucket arch is inlaid with gold, and the tiles are carefully made after running in. The culture and spirit it contains is an unparalleled wealth.
In northern Shaanxi, the ancestors of the Loess Plateau lived, multiplied and grew in caves. For thousands of years, no matter how the society changes, it has failed to shake the dominant position of caves in northern Shaanxi.
The cave chose the loess plateau, and the loess plateau chose people, and people also chose caves. This dialectics of nature hides an indescribable mystery.
The cave is warm in winter and cool in summer, with blue and bright sky and fresh air. This ancient, magical, profound and vigorous yellow land, caves have nurtured generations of northern Shaanxi people with her broad mind and sincere feelings.
6. Chuanpai architecture
The dignity of Sichuan architecture lies in its diaojiao building, which embodies the wisdom of many nationalities. As a living fossil of Bachu culture, it is built by mountains and rivers, with its own style, seemingly random but very elegant, and has become the inheritance of thousands of national cultures.
Chuanpai architecture, which is popular in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, is a unique architectural style of local ethnic minorities. Among the buildings of Sichuan School, Dai Bamboo Building, East Drum Tower and West Sichuan Diaojiao Building are the most distinctive.
Dai bamboo house is a special residential form created by Dai people according to local conditions. Dai people have lived in Zhulou for 1400 years.
Zhulou is a dry fence building, mainly made of bamboo. The lower floor is about seven or eight feet high and has four uncovered fences. Cattle and horses are tied to posts. There is a terrace upstairs near the ladder, which is separated from the master bedroom by a bamboo fence as an important place to store money, and the rest is a large studio. In the center of the building is a fire pit that burns day and night.
Dong Drum Tower is a unique building in Dong Township. Drum Tower stands tall and majestic in Dong Village.
The flying pavilion has a pagoda-shaped eaves, and the tiles are painted or carved with landscapes, flowers, dragons and phoenixes, birds and ancient costume figures. Yun Teng is foggy and colorful, and the scenery of Dong Village is dazzling.
The diaojiao building in western Sichuan, also known as "Diaolou", is built on the side of mountains and waters, showing a tiger shape. Diaojiaolou is a dry fence-style building, but it is different from the general dry fence. Stilts are suspended, so the stilt building is called semi-stilt building.
Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaojiaolou also has distinctive national characteristics. Elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking columns" make the diaojiao building unique, and it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture.