Constitutional monarchy (179 1 year-1792.8)] →
The First Republic of France (September 1792- 1804) →
The First Empire of France (1804-1815) →
Bourbon Restoration (1815-1830) →
July Dynasty (1830—1848) →
The Second Republic of France (1848—1852) →
The Second Empire of France (1852 ——1870) →
The Third Republic of France (1870—1940) →
Vichy regime (1940—1945) →
Interim government (1945—1946) →
The Fourth Republic of France (1946—1958) →
The Fifth Republic of France (1958- now).
(1) 1789 Before the French Revolution, the French Kingdom practiced the feudal monarchy of Bourbon. During the period of Louis XIV (1643-161-kloc-0/715), the French monarchy was strengthened unprecedentedly, and the "Sun King" implemented the centralized absolute monarchy of "I am the country", which was the heyday of French feudal monarchy. During the period of Louis XV, the financial crisis in France became more and more serious, the feudal system began to collapse, and France declined day by day. During the period of Louis XVI, the French autocratic system had reached the level of corruption, social contradictions were very acute, people's resistance was increasing day by day, and revolution was imminent.
(2)1789 After the Great Revolution, the big bourgeoisie came to power, retained the king and established a bourgeois constitutional monarchy. The third-level meeting was transformed into a constitutional convention, replacing the royal family as the highest authority in France, which made great contributions to reforming the old system and establishing the basic principles of capitalist society. In August, the famous "Declaration of Human Rights" was promulgated, which clearly declared the principles of bourgeois democracy and rule of law such as "sovereignty belongs to the people", "natural human rights", "separation of powers" and "everyone is equal before the law". In fact, it declared the demise of the old feudal monarchy and the birth of a brand-new bourgeois social system. The French Constitution of 179 1 is prefaced by the Declaration of Human Rights. 179 1 year, the Constituent Assembly promulgated the first bourgeois written constitution in the history of France and continental Europe-1791Constitution, which stipulated that France was a constitutional monarchy and implemented the principle of separation of powers.
(3)1792, the people of Paris launched the second uprising. The National Assembly elected by universal suffrage announced the abolition of the royal power, the establishment of the first French Republic, and the establishment of democracy and government. 1793 At the beginning of the year, King Louis XVI was sentenced to death and was quickly guillotined. In the struggle between French democratic forces and autocratic forces, a decisive victory was achieved. After gironde came to power, jacobins dictatorship and hot moon coup, Napoleon launched a "foggy moon coup" in 1799 to establish a dictatorship. * * * and the country exist in name only, but they still belong to * * * and the regime in name.
(4) 1804 Napoleon was crowned emperor, the first empire of France was established, and the bourgeois monarchy was implemented. On behalf of the interests of the big bourgeoisie, Napoleon reformed politics and developed economy at home, promulgated a series of codes, established a relatively complete bourgeois legal system, and launched many wars of conquest abroad, which dealt a heavy blow to the feudal forces in France and Europe, consolidated the ruling order of the bourgeoisie and promoted the development of French capitalist economy.
⑤ 18 14, 18 15, the feudal bourbon dynasty was restored twice, and the French kingdom was restored. Like the First Empire, it is an absolute monarchy.
⑥ 1830' s July Revolution overthrew the restored Bourbon Dynasty, and the established July Dynasty was a bourgeois constitutional monarchy. The new constitution clearly limits the royal power, expands the power of the lower house of parliament, cancels aristocratic privileges and reduces the property qualification restrictions of voters.
⑦ 1848, the Second Republic of France was established after the February Revolution. Napoleon's nephew, the monarch, elected louis bonaparte as president. He was bent on restoring the monarchy, suppressing the resistance of the * * * faction, forcibly passing the new constitution, making the president monopolize power, and establishing a personal dictatorship known as the presidential system * * * and the system, which was ineffective.
⑧ 1852, louis bonaparte was crowned emperor, and the Second Empire of France was established, and the imperial system was implemented. 1870 France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the Second Empire perished.
Pet-name ruby1On September 4th, 870, the revolution overthrew the Second Reich. After fierce struggle between the * * * pacifists and monarchists, the * * * Republic was finally restored, namely the third * * * Republic of France, and the * * * and political power were finally established, which generally belonged to the parliamentary system and political power. Why is the political system of the Third Republic of France parliamentary? Its legal basis is the same as that stated on page 7 1 of Modern Western Democratic Thought and Practice, the second elective course in senior high school history: "1875, the National Assembly passed the constitutional amendment by only one vote, confirming the implementation of the * * * harmonious system. In the same year, the National Assembly successively passed a series of laws, collectively known as 1875 Constitution, also known as the Constitution of the Third Republic. The Constitution stipulates that France is a parliamentary republic. " The main contents of the Third Constitution of the Republic of China 1875 are as follows: A. Legislative power is exercised by the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Senate is indirectly elected and the House of Representatives is elected by universal suffrage. The executive power is held by the President and the Cabinet. The President is elected by an absolute majority in the National Assembly, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The president is the head of state and the supreme commander of the army. The President and members of the Senate have the right to introduce laws. Cabinet ministers (later prime ministers) were appointed by the President. Both the President and Cabinet Ministers (Prime Ministers) are accountable to Parliament. It can be seen that the power given to the French president by the constitution at that time was still quite large, which reflected that the French monarchists at that time were not small, trying to create conditions for future restoration, and it also reflected that it was the product of compromise between the * * * faction and monarchists, but it was different from the presidential system, because the president was elected by the parliament, his administrative power was shared by the prime minister, and he was also responsible for the parliament, so it was the long-term existence of * * * and the country. What's more, shortly after the promulgation of the Constitution, the * * * faction of 1879 won the presidential election, mastered all the key power departments in France, and finally completely established the * * * and political system. After that, the power of the president actually weakened day by day, and it no longer played an important role in political life. State power has obviously transferred to parliament and cabinet, making France a typical parliamentary political country.
Attended 1940 World War II, France surrendered, the Third Republic, which existed for 70 years, disintegrated, was occupied by fascist Germany, and was ruled by Vichy puppet regime. After the end of World War II, France entered the Fourth Republic of France (1946- 1958), and the power of the French Parliament reached its peak, with the power to elect the president, decide the composition of the government, appoint and remove the prime minister and approve the government's policy agenda. At this time, France was a typical parliamentary republic.
⑾ In order to overcome the disadvantages of political instability and government incompetence caused by political party disputes and parliamentary abuse of power in the Fourth Republic, 1958 adopted a new constitution in September and announced the establishment of the Fifth Republic. 19 was elected president in February. Since then, the power center has gradually shifted from parliament to president, but it is different from the presidential system in the United States.
What needs to be emphasized is that no matter how the modern French political system changes, its essence remains basically unchanged, and it is still a bourgeois dictatorship. To maintain the ruling position of the bourgeoisie, it is only to readjust the power relations of various classes or interest groups within the bourgeoisie, thus adopting different forms of bourgeois representative system (indirect democracy).