The birth of this country
The history of France is a collection of bits and pieces of people for a long time. Many unique features of France are the embodiment of its culture. For two thousand years, the dynasty and its civilization left traces on this land, and finally formed modern France today.
prehistoric age/times
About 1 million years ago, people who migrated from Eurasia came to the last border-the Atlantic Ocean. Settled down from then on. From 40000 to 8000 BC, the Sabine first appeared here. Many archaeological remains prove that human civilization existed in prehistory in this land of France.
Gaul period
From about 0/200 BC to 800 BC, the Celts left their hometown in Silesia and began to invade this area between the Rhine River and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time, 90 different tribes lived on this land and were called Gaul. Gauls established their civilization on the basis of agriculture and highly developed handicrafts. They invented harvesters, barrels, carriages and iron swords.
Soon the Roman Empire also noticed this land. Julius in 50 BC? Julius Caesar came here and conquered this area. The long-term rule of Gaul and Rome civilization with Lyon as its capital formed the original blueprint of France today. It was during this period that France began to take shape, many big cities had begun to take shape, and road networks began to appear.
Frankish kingdom
Since the 5th century, Hans, Vandals, Alaman, Visgoths and Ostro have come from the East.
Goths and Franks invaded the area successively, and Gaul-Romans joined forces with Franks to resist the invasion. Their base is located in the area near Paris, where heaven is called ile-de-france, and this force gradually conquered the whole country.
The rule of Metam and Caroline in the Frankish dynasty lasted from the fifth century to the tenth century. During this period, Gaul-Roman culture and Germanic culture gradually merged.
Kingdom of France
During the reign of Charles the Great from 768 to 8 14, many schools were established to promote cultural prosperity, and many scholars gathered around him. His country of work is divided into counties, and the county magistrate (secular regime) and bishop (religious authority) jointly govern. Miss was responsible for enforcing imperial laws.
987, Hugo Ile-de-france Lord Cape was crowned king, and the land of Franks (called France) became the Kingdom of France. The newly established French dynasty wanted to extend the suzerainty to the whole ruling area.
From 1 1 century to15th century, there were 18 kings who constantly exerted authority on feudal lords, and their kingdoms continued to expand (Brittany and Burgundy were annexed) and seized some British territories, such as aquitaine and Normandy. The outstanding characteristics of these centuries are the upsurge of religious enthusiasm and the great development of culture, economy and cities. During this period, the bourgeoisie began to appear, and they formed a new class in society. Cities have also become administrative units.
1226 to 1270 King Louis Xi, who ruled France, attached great importance to justice and personally presided over the trial under an oak tree in Vinson. He built many hospitals and churches in his life, participated in two Crusades and became a model among kings. He was later called St. Louis.
From16th century to18th century, ten kings devoted themselves to strengthening the state power and its administration. In the battle against the invasion of enemies from the east and south, they gradually established the natural borders of the country. At the same time, three politicians deserve special mention:
-Henry IV ended the religious war between Catholicism and Puritans at home and drove the Spanish invaders out of the country. In this way, he consolidated the unity of the country. In addition, he also tried to improve the unfortunate situation of poor French farmers.
Li Sailiu, Prime Minister of Louis XIII. He led France to resist Austrian military intervention and strengthened sovereignty by weakening the power of nobles and Puritans. He also ordered the establishment of the Sorbonne University and contributed to the establishment of the French Academy.
-Colby, First Minister of Louis XIV. He tried to unify the national legal system and promote innovation by establishing large manufacturing and international trading companies. He pinned his hopes on the French colonies in Canada and Louisiana.
Several historic changes
1789 Great Revolution
The National Assembly of 1789 became the Constitutional Assembly. Feudal power was abolished, a declaration of human rights was promulgated and a parliamentary monarchy was established.
1792, due to the interference of foreign forces, the monarch fled and other events, the monarchy was abolished and the first Republic was declared. From then until 1795, revolutionaries including robespierre fought against counter-revolutionary forces abroad (Prussia, Austria, Britain and Spain) and at home (Wang Dai). In political life, revolutionaries adopted the principles put forward by Montesquieu and Rousseau (separation of powers and people's sovereignty).
From 1799 to 1804, Napoléon Bonaparte, the first ruling general, led the French government. During his reign, he established a powerful centralized bourgeois state and established a modern administrative system and code (the civil code is still valid). The government has also established a high school education system and reformed university education.
Napoleon empire
Napoleon was crowned emperor in 1804, and he tried to build a huge European empire during the reign of 18 15. During the period of 10, the French army constantly competed with some powerful alliances on the European continent. For a time, France's territory expanded rapidly. Only when it reached 18 15 did its boundary return to the state of 1789.
The heavy casualties of the French army in the Russian campaign led to Napoleon's collapse and exile. He later ruled France again, but after only a hundred days, he abdicated again because of the failure of the Battle of Waterloo.
Monarchical restoration
The two kings, from 18 15 to 1830, wanted to maintain some progressive measures during the Great Revolution and restore the Napoleon Empire under the old monarchy. The French colonial empire continued to expand in North Africa.
Louis Philippe, the last king of France, was awarded the title of "King of France". From 1830 to 1848, the trade and commercial bourgeoisie appeared, the industrial revolution began, and the socialist and federalist movements began to rise. The economic crisis and social unrest eventually led to the revolution of France 1848 and the collapse of the monarchy.
The Second Republic and the Second Empire
Universal suffrage, freedom of the press and fear of the working class uprising gave Napoleon I's nephew Louis? Napoleon? Bonaparte has a chance to become the president of France. After a period of autocratic presidential rule, louis napoleon became emperor by referendum and coup, known as Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. His government advocates radical economic reform policies and implements a large number of important economic plans aimed at rebuilding the national capital. The second Reich is characterized by industrial expansion. Just when the government changed to parliamentary system, the Franco-German war broke out (1870). The failure of France in Sudan led to the demise of the Second Empire.
Third Republic
187 1 year, the Republic was founded and the national defense government was established. France was defeated, and France ceded Alsace and Lorraine in the peace treaty with Germany. In the same year, the famous Paris commune uprising took place, but it was brutally suppressed.
From 187 1 to 19 14, the parliamentary system of the government of the Republic has established a series of important laws on public freedom and proved its value. Prime Minister Jules Fari (in office from 186 to 1885) had a great influence on the establishment of freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom of the press, and he also made great contributions to the establishment of the non-church free and compulsory primary education system.
French colonies in Asia and Africa continued to expand, but at the same time social unrest and disputes between religion and schools (separation of church and state) shook social rule.
The first world war (1914-1918) caused France to lose one tenth of its workforce. 19171February is the turning point of the war, George? Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau led the French and allied forces to victory, and Germany was defeated. Arthas and Lorraine returned to France.
Shortly after the post-war reconstruction, France, like other countries in the world, was severely hit by the 1929 crisis. Extensive strikes and left-wing alliances brought France the People's Front government of 1936, which stipulated the obligation to establish basic social laws in the national plan.
Around France, Nazism, Italian Fascism and Spanish Civil War all indicate that the Second World War is coming.
With the end of the famous so-called "strange war", France declared an armistice in 1940, and France became a German-occupied area. The French economy is in an unstable state. The whole country is divided into two parts: on the one hand, the Vichy government, which cooperates with the occupying power, and on the other hand, the London-based "Free France" government in exile and the resistance movement. After five years of war, France was liberated by the allied forces in 1944.
the fourth republic
1940 June 18 Charles? After his radio address, Charles de Gaulle was recognized as the leader and symbol of the French resistance movement. He served as the head of government from 1944 to 1946, and established the French social security system, giving women the right to vote. However, because the parliamentary government could not clearly provide political direction, the government was reorganized and the Fourth Republic was passively shaken. From 1945 to 1958, France has been busy rebuilding its country and developing its economy. Sharp decolonization problems (Indo-zhina and Algerian wars) mean the end of weak administrative power.
Fifth Republic
1958, Charles? General de Gaulle returns to the stage of history. He designed and established the Fifth Republic system to strengthen administrative power. That is, the presidential system of universal suffrage was established. France has since entered a period of modernization and sustained economic growth. 1968 the student movement and social unrest in may reflected the anxiety of the younger generation, the lack of social order and the excessive concentration of state power, so general de gaulle was forced to resign. However, the right-wing government is still in power. George? Pompidou served as president until 1974. His successor Valery? Giscard? Destin served for seven years, but in 198 1, he was elected by Fran? ois, the first left-wing president of the Fifth Republic. Mitterrand lost. Mitterrand 1988 was re-elected. But on the whole, French politics in this period was characterized by the left-wing and right-wing governments taking turns to govern.
A unified European market began to be established.
1 99365438+February1,the European Union was born on the basis of the European Economic Community.