Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang. He was named the Prince of Yan and the city of Beiping. 1398, Zhu Yuanzhang died and Ming Huidi Zhu Yunwen acceded to the throne. After Hui Di acceded to the throne, he felt that the king's power was too great, threatening his own throne, so he planned to cut the hairpin. After Judy found out, she set out to fight against' Jingnan' and won the throne in 1399 after three years of war. The title of Yongle is Ming Chengzu.
After he ascended the throne, he made five personal expeditions to Mobei and moved the capital to Beijing, condemned Zheng He's mission to the western regions, wiped out the royal power, continued to implement policies such as reclaiming farmland, hoarding farmland and building water conservancy projects, strengthened the management of the north, and revised the Yongle Grand Ceremony, which made great contributions to the construction of the Ming Dynasty and became a powerful faction of the Ming Dynasty.
Why didn't China colonize?
Why should China give up its power when it has absolute hegemony at sea? For a long time, the emperor regarded himself as a lifeless father, not only for small city-states, but also for all nationalities in the world. This cognition responds to China's inherent ideas. Of course, the son of heaven is also the ruler of the whole world. As early as a few centuries after A.D., people in China were already familiar with the concept that the world is all within the territory of China, and there is no so-called boundary. As the saying goes, "If you have everything, what's the reason to conquer it?" The aggression of European powers has gone beyond the initial requirements of opening up a favorable environment for East-West trade. This bellicose and crusade-style colonialism completely violates the China people's ideal of an omnipotent and demigod son of heaven. Therefore, the concept of Europe cannot be found in imperial China. Of course, I can't see this idea from Ming, and the return of surrender to China is its own prosperity. Treating uncivilized people like this can enhance their loyalty to * * *, which is far more effective than strengthening the garrison of troops. In any case, Ming Chengzu came to the conclusion that it is foolish to try to maintain a garrison half a world away, so Ming Chengzu has never made such an attempt. However, it will take another 400 years for the European colonial powers to reach the same conclusion.
Judy (1360— 1424 August 12), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, was also called Yongle Emperor, Yongle Emperor and Yongle Emperor because of his year number. 1399, Judy launched the battle of Jingnan and won the throne. Zhu Yunwen disappeared. During Judy's administration, he formed a cabinet and improved the central system. Move the capital to Beijing and stabilize the frontier; Developing economy and dredging the Grand Canal; Pacify the toes, and the five signs are Mobei; Send Zheng He to the Western Ocean to create a situation in which all countries come to Korea; Organize Chinese culture, compile Yongle ceremony and create a prosperous Yongle period. 1424, died on the way back to Li in the Northern Expedition. Qi Hong Road was brillant and Zhao Yun was transported by posthumous title to Emperor Xiaowen, whose temple name was Taizong, and later changed to Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty, and was buried in Changling.
The life of the character
Early experience
Judy was born during the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Heroes at that time rose together and conquered each other. When Judy was born, Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang were at loggerheads and didn't have time to name their son.
In the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty (1360), Judy was born in Nanjing, formerly known as Yingtianfu. To comply with God's will is to comply with God's will. 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang crossed the river and captured Qing Ji (Nanjing), so Qing Ji changed its name to Yingtian. Zhu Yuanzhang's original intention was to comply with the destiny and overthrow the Yuan Dynasty. He has a fourth son. Almost at the same time as Judy was born, the urgent document of Chen Youliang attacking Taiping (now Tu County, Anhui Province) came from the front. If Chen Youliang has captured Taiping, then continue to attack Yingtian. But the military situation was urgent. Zhu Yuanzhang didn't even have time to look at his son, and went to the front to direct the war. As for how to give the child a lucky name, he has no time to think about it.
In the twenty-seventh year (1367), at the end of the lunar calendar, Zhu Yuanzhang was going to officially become the emperor next year, and he saw that he had seven sons. Now that the situation is safe, he is determined to formally name his son. December 24th. He appealed to the ancestral temple and attributed the birth of seven sons after crossing the river to the virtue of his ancestors: he inherited virtue, bootstrapped himself and gave birth to seven sons after crossing the river. Today, the eldest son is called Biao, and ... Yue Di ...
At this time, Judy was 7 years old, and he had his own name like all his brothers. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Judy was ten years old and was made the Prince of Yan. I used to live in Fengyang and I know people's feelings very well.
youth
In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Judy was a young man of 17 years old, and Zhu Yuanzhang was going to let them go abroad as prisoners. This year, Judy's brothers came to their hometown in Fengyang, Anhui Province, which was called Zhongdu at that time. Their ancestors were buried here, and this is also the place where Zhu Yuanzhang drove cattle and sheep for a large family when he was a child. The life of ordinary people is very difficult. Judy lived here for three or four years, and his folk life had a far-reaching impact on his thoughts. Judy is a caring person. "People know all the details." . When he became emperor, he often told his sons about his life. I think I can travel all over the north and south, and I am not afraid of the cold outside the Great Wall, so this experience has benefited me a lot. Judy's life in Fengyang can be regarded as the internship stage of court education. When he comes back, he will be ready to be a captain abroad.
At the same time, Zhu Yuanzhang strengthened the education of Judy and several other children. Judy's brothers were not only educated by the masters, but also received the guidance of Zhu Yuanzhang at any time. Judy received an entirely feudal orthodox education from Zhu Yuanzhang. In this regard, Zhu Yuanzhang once had a clear explanation: I often say to the philosophers: First, chess should be light; Second, I'm tired of talking and laughing; Third, the festival of diet teaching; Fourth, take the frugality of teaching as an example. Complain that they don't know the people's hunger and cold, and strive to make the people suffer less from hunger and cold; Complain that they don't know the hardships of the people and try to make them work less.
In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), Judy was sent to Yanjing and Beiping, and was ordered to participate in military activities in the north many times. He led the Northern Expedition twice, once recruited Mongolian Nair Buhua, and captured the Northern Yuan general Sorin Timur alive, which strengthened his influence in the Northern Army. In his later years, Zhu Yuanzhang was the eldest son, Prince Zhu Biao, the second son, the king of Qin and Zhu Shang, and the third son, the king of Jin and Zhu? He died one after another, so Zhu Yuanzhang's fourth son Judy became the first of kings not only in military strength, but also in family order.
Battle of Jingnan
In order to prevent aggression, Zhu Yuanzhang made scholars princes twice during his reign. The vassals, especially the kings of Qin, Jin, Yan and Ning, each held heavy troops and sat on one side. In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), Prince Zhu Biao passed away, and Zhu Yunwen, who became the great-grandson of the emperor, was deeply worried about the great potential of the king. In Zhu Yuanzhang's later years, the hero host was completely annihilated, and the northern military was dominated by kings. Soon, Zhu Shang, the king of Qin, and Zhu, the king of Jin, died one after another, while the prince of Yan, Zhu, the king of Zhou, the king of Qi, Dai, etc. all held the emperor to make the princes violate the law and discipline, and the court was in danger. Therefore, after Zhu Yunwen acceded to the throne in 1399, he secretly consulted with Qitai and Huang Zicheng. Judy, the prince of Yan, is in a very dangerous situation. Thus, since his mother and brother, the kings of Zhou, Dai, Min, Xiang and Qi have been taken away one after another, and the king of Xiang set himself on fire, and the rest were all in vain. For the sake of this, he was appointed as the ambassador to Beiping, Xie Gui and Zhang Xin as the viceroy of Beiping, Xie Gui took control of Beiping (now Beijing), and the other viceroy, Xu Kai and Geng Sui stationed troops in Kaiping, Linqing and Shanhaiguan respectively to inspect the guards of Yanfu and strengthen the measures against Yan. In June of the first year of Wen Jian, Qi Tai put Yan and Yan in prison for trial, which led to accusations of sending troops. He sent troops to arrest Yan Fu's family members and secretly arrested Judy. Zhang Xin is Judy's old headquarters. At this time, he surrendered to Judy, and Judy immediately prepared. In July, Judy managed to capture and kill Sharla Cheung and Xie Gui alive (pretending to be crazy to paralyze them), and ordered Yan Fu's guards to command Changyu and Zhu Neng to capture the nine gates of Peiping by night, and then capture Peiping. Later, in the name of respecting ancestors' training and punishing "treacherous court officials" Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, he vowed to go to war for the country "Jingnan".
At the beginning of the war, many northern generals were Judy's old army, so many people surrendered to Judy. Chu Dijun went to Tongzhou, Jizhou, Huairou and other cities, and Zhong Song was killed. In August, Zhu Yunwen took Mao's old general Geng Bingwen (good at defense) as the general and led his troops to attack Judy with 300,000 men. Pioneer arrived in Xiongxian County and was attacked by Judy, killing all 9,000 people. Zhengding (now Zhengding, Hebei Province) was defeated again. So Zhu Yunwen replaced Geng Bingwen with Li Jinglong, dispatched 500,000 soldiers to chop Yan, built nine gates and besieged Peiping. 10, Judy personally led the elite cavalry to capture Daning, captured Zhu Quan, the king of Ning, and his concubine and prince, and got his three-guard cavalry (equivalent to mercenaries, all Mongolian cavalry, with strong fighting capacity), with a sudden increase in strength. Li Jinglong took advantage of his weakness to attack Peiping, but he couldn't break it (Judy's eldest son, Zhu Gaochi, was guarding the city wall, and Li Jinglong couldn't break it). After the prince came back from Daning, Zheng Ba defeated Li Jing and Long Jun. Zhu Yunwen was forced to attack Jitai, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Huang Zicheng, the minister of Taichang Temple, in order to stall Yanshi. In April of Wen Jian's second year, the two sides fought again in Baigou River, Li Jinglong was defeated again, and Yanshi attacked Jinan. Tie Xuan, who participated in Shandong's political participation, stuck to Jinan for a long time. In September, the court was promoted to Shandong Province as our envoy, and Sheng Yong was appointed to replace Li Jinglong. In December, Sheng Yong led his division and fought with Yan Jun in Dongchang (now Liaocheng, Shandong Province). Yan Shi was defeated and Zhang Yu was killed. In three years, the emperor restored Huang's position. In February, Yanshi went south again. In March, the Hutuo River was defeated by Sheng Yong, and the defeat of Wu Jie was equal to Gaocheng. In the name of expelling Qi and Huang, they were sent to recruit teachers and diligent kings. At that time, although Judy won many battles, she suffered heavy losses and the imperial army came from a wide range of sources. Cities in Hebei, Shandong and other places captured by the Yan army were occupied by imperial soldiers after the soldiers returned. At the end of the same year, a civil servant tipped off from Beijing. Knowing that Nanjing was empty and profitable, Judy decided to change her strategy and led her army south in the first month of four years. In April, Hefu and Pingan Division were broken, and in May, Kezhou and Yangzhou were broken. Wen Jian sent Princess Qingcheng to Yanshi to beg for peace, but the prince refused. In June, Chen Xuan, commander-in-chief of the navy, took the boat master to Yan, who crossed the river to Zhenjiang and reached Nanjing. Gu Wang Zhu Yi and Li Jinglong opened Jinchuan Gate to surrender, but Nanjing fell, the palace caught fire, and Zhu Yunwen disappeared.
After the capture of Nanjing, Judy refused to be persuaded by her supporters for several days, and became emperor in July 1402. However, instead of inheriting the throne of Zhu Yunwen, she inherited the throne of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty (the first year of Wen Jian was abolished, and the fourth year of Wen Jian was renamed the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu). He ordered to search for more than 50 courtiers in Wen Jian, including Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, and Judy also ordered to restore all laws and official systems formulated by Mao, which were changed by Wen Jian to show that their purpose was to restore ancestral training. The battle of Jingnan was the inevitable result of the increasing struggle for imperial power in the early Ming Dynasty. After Judy ascended the throne with a powerful vassal, there was no powerful vassal in the north.
ascend the throne
After Judy acceded to the throne, she rebuilt Fengtian Temple (the old temple was burned down), carved the imperial seal and made Princess Xu the queen. The hero in Jingnan was rewarded. All officials who were demoted during the Wen Jian period were reinstated (for example, Hou Wugao of Jiangyin, who was demoted for alienating others in the early days of Jingnan, was re-appointed to defend Datong); All the reforms during the Wen Jian period will be cancelled; All laws and regulations enacted during the period of Wen Jian, which are contrary to Mao, shall be abolished. However, some regulations that are beneficial to people's livelihood have also been abolished. For example, in the second year of Wen Jian, he ordered the reduction of the extremely heavy land tax in western Zhejiang during the Hongwu period, and it has been aggravated since then.
At the beginning of Yongle, in order to appease the princes and stabilize the domestic situation, we expressed our differences with Emperor Jianwen, and first sealed the old seals of the kings of Zhou, Qi, Dai and Min. The emperor's younger brothers, Zhu, Heng Yun Xuan and Zhu Jun, had not yet become princes, and Ming Chengzu was all reduced to the county king. In the same year, Zhu and Zhu, who had always been vassals, were called to Yanjing, and they were put under house arrest in Fengyang on the grounds that they could not rectify the Emperor Jianwen, leaving only the prince to worship, and they will soon be there. However, when its throne was more consolidated, it continued to implement the vassal regime. The kings of Zhou, Qi, Dai and Min were cut off again; Ning Wang moved the capital to Nanchang; The king of migration valley was in Changsha, and it was abolished as Shu Ren; Cut the guards of the Liao king.
Judy continued to carry out Zhu Yuanzhang's immigration policy to enrich the people, so as to strengthen the control of the big landlords. During Judy's period, the civil service system was perfected, and then the prototype of cabinet system was gradually formed in the court. At the beginning of Yongle, the cabinet was set up, and junior bureaucrats were selected to participate in the maintenance, which solved the vacancy of administrative institutions after the abolition of Hanshu. Judy attached great importance to the role of the supervisory organization, established a system of sending inspectors to visit the world, and encouraged officials to inform each other. He made good use of eunuchs' duties, characteristics, supervising troops, dividing towns and stabbing subjects to hide things. At the same time, the principle that "the way to govern the country is broad and moderate" is put forward. He used the imperial examination system and compiling books to win over landlords and scholars, promoted Confucianism to change the ideological trend of Buddhism and Taoism in the early Ming Dynasty, and appointed officials and personnel on merit, which laid an ideological and organizational foundation for the political, economic, military and cultural development at that time.
After the stability of the country, Judy restored the Royal Guards that had been abolished during the Hongwu period in order to strengthen the monitoring of ministers. At the same time, Ming Chengzu also set up the internal minister and the Dongchang yamen, which developed and strengthened the autocratic rule.
Judy attached great importance to the management of the north, and he rose in Peiping. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty began to build Changshou Mountain in Beijing to show his determination in the Northern Expedition. At the same time, strive to establish friendly relations with Mongolians. The Tatar Department and the Vara Department successively accepted the titles of the Ming Dynasty. From the eighth year of Yongle (14 10) to the twenty-second year of Yongle (1424), Judy personally led the army to the north five times, which consolidated the northern border defense. In the 14th year of Yongle (14 16), the construction of Beijing Palace in the Forbidden City started. In the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), the capital was officially moved to Beijing.
stop
In order to stabilize northern Xinjiang, Judy visited Mongolia five times. In the 22nd year of Yongle (1424), Judy died in Yumuchuan (now Wuzhumuqin, Inner Mongolia) on her way home from the Northern Expedition, and was buried in Changling. The name of the temple was Taizong, but it was changed to Ming Chengzu when Emperor Jiajing was the emperor. Posthumous title Qi Dao Gao Chunren is Emperor Xiaowen, referred to as Wendi for short.
After Ming Taizu, the Ming emperor only called Zong, and the founding emperor generally called Mao or Gao-zu, such as Emperor Gaozu and others. Emperors in the back are generally called "Zong", such as Emperor Taizong, but there are exceptions. After Judy died, the original temple was named "Taizong". More than a hundred years later, it was changed from Zhu Houzong, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, to "Ming Taizu became the ancestor", so that Judy and Zhu Yuanzhang were listed as "immortal kings" and enshrined in the center of the ancestral temple.
Judy laid off 3,000 maids alive.
It is said that 3,000 ladies-in-waiting live for a woman.
Judy's first wife, Queen Xu, died in the fifth year of Yongle (1407). After Xu's death, there has never been a queen. There is a beautiful woman in the harem named Quan Xianfei, who was selected from North Korea. She is beautiful, good at singing and dancing, good at playing the flute, and smart, and she is most loved by Judy. Unexpectedly, in the eighth year of Yongle (14 10), Quan's family went north with them and died on their way home, which made them shed a few tears for their beloved concubine.
When Chu Di was saddened by the loss of his beloved princess, a maid-in-waiting revealed that all of them were poisoned by arsenic in collusion with eunuchs and silversmiths. Judy was furious and ordered the eunuch and silversmith who poisoned the defendant to be executed without careful examination, while Lu was tortured and branded with a soldering iron for a month before he died. Hundreds of people were killed because of Lu's participation.
The person who exposed Lu's poisoning was also surnamed Lu, the daughter of a North Korean businessman, and she was called "Jia Lu" in the history books.
In the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420), the favorite princess Wang suddenly became critically ill. At this time, someone in the palace reported Jia Lu's "adultery" with the official (the maid-in-waiting and the official were married as partners, but actually had no substantive sexual behavior, just comforted and cared for each other, and the palace called them "vegetable farmers" or "diners"). Emperors in the late Ming Dynasty often took a laissez-faire attitude towards such things. Ming Xizong even personally married eunuchs and maids.
Judy flew into a rage. Jia Lu and Shi Yu were afraid of disaster and hanged themselves.
Judy never gave up, but also promoted the method of implicating others, arrested the maids who were closely related to Jia Lu, and tried them in person to see if Jia Lu and others had other plans. The maid-in-waiting was tortured and lied that someone in the harem was trying to murder the emperor. This confession aroused Judy's ferocious nature. As a result, more people were arrested and more people were beaten to confess. Nearly 3000 maids and maids pulled hundreds of strings and committed themselves to "rebellion".
Judy ordered that these beautiful ladies-in-waiting selected from all over the country be fined. The so-called punishment is the death in the middle of the year. This kind of punishment is mainly used to execute political prisoners such as "rebellion" and "rebellion".
During the execution, Judy personally went to the execution ground to supervise the execution, and often personally killed the maids. When a Hebei maid-in-waiting was punished, she scolded Judy: "You are old and young, and our maid-in-waiting is in love with an official. What's the crime!"
Judy was even more furious and asked the painter to draw a picture of Jia Lu hugging the eunuch, which was displayed everywhere in the Imperial Palace, humiliating the innocent maid-in-waiting, bring disgrace to oneself. According to the Records of the Li Dynasty, when the maids were massacred, some of them were destroyed by lightning, and the maids were jubilant, thinking that they would stop the slaughter for fear of being punished by heaven, but "they didn't take it as a warning, just like usual".
In A.D. 1424, Judy sent troops to the desert for the fifth time and died in Yumuchuan (now Wuzhumuqin Banner, Inner Mongolia) on the way back from the Northern Expedition. Ouchi dedicated more than 30 maids to Judy. After they finished eating, they were taken to the palace and shook the pavilion in tears. There is a small wooden bed in the hall where ladies-in-waiting can stand, and there is a noose on the beam. Put their heads in the trap, then remove the cot and hang them.
Judy's queen
Empress Xu (1362- 1407), who was born in Haozhou after the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was the eldest daughter of Xu Da, the mother of Xie Zaixing. Hongwu was crowned Princess Yan in the ninth year (1376), Queen in the fourth year (1402), and died in Nanjing in the fifth year of Yongle (1407) at the age of 46. In the 11th year of Yongle (14 13), he was buried in Changling in February. In September of the 22nd year of Yongle (1424), Empress Renzong of posthumous title said that "Renxiao Ci Cheng Yi Zhuang Ming was dedicated to the Apocalypse Empress Wensheng". Ruocitang
More than half of Queen Xu's children were born to Chu Di, and her first three sons were born to Prince Ming Renzong and Hanwang Zhu He. Except for the eldest son Gao Chi, who is gentle and studious, Hanwang Gao Xu and Wang Zhao are both arrogant. She advocated making Gao Chi a prince, and repeatedly persuaded that Gao Xu and Gao Ai were not good in character and could not be reused. They should choose their families who dared to supervise and advise them.
Historical evaluation
Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was an all-rounder, combining leniency with severity, knowing people and being good at their duties, but not for a long time. He is resourceful and fearless. It's a great honor for a county to rescue its heroes from disasters, free of rent, and speak out bravely. There are more than 30 foreign countries blocked, and the country is extremely prosperous! Only the loyal ministers of Emperor Jianwen have been severely dealt with, and it cannot be said that there are no regrets.
"History of the Ming Dynasty" commented that Emperor Wen followed the soldiers less and followed them more. According to the face, the winner is weak, driven internally, and chosen everywhere. After he acceded to the throne, he practiced frugality, and there was no place to live. Knowing people and being good at their duties, he is eloquent in appearance and has high martial arts, just like Gaozu. Six divisions appear repeatedly, and the dust settles in Mobei. By the end of the season, Wade was already a distant quilt, being served by guests from all directions, paying tribute to almost 30 countries. Meteorite is as wide as Han and Tang Dynasties. Success is heroic, almost prosperous. However, the abolition is a reversal, which is also shameful.