Li Yu
Li Yu is a jade used for religious sacrifices and national ceremonies in ancient times. According to Zhou Li, there are six kinds of ritual jade: jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade.
① Emerald jade
Emerald jade is a kind of flat round jade with a hole in the middle. When offering sacrifices, the ancients thought that this kind of vessel could communicate with the ancestors' gods. Besides being used as a sacrifice, it can also be used for decoration, auspiciousness, burial and so on. Jade Jade appeared in the Neolithic Age, represented by Liangzhu culture. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have been quite beautiful. Jade carvings in the Han Dynasty are becoming more and more exquisite, and jade funerary objects are often unearthed in Han tombs.
② Jade Cong
Jade cong is a kind of cylindrical tubular jade with an outer circle and an inner circle. Yan's description of the earth and the sky is based on the ancient Tianyuan cosmology. It is made into a square to worship the earth god, which is a tool to worship the earth. In addition, it is also used for auspiciousness and burial. Jade Cong appeared in the Neolithic Age, Liangzhu culture was the most developed, and some of them were engraved with animal cotton patterns, which was the glorious period of Jade Cong. After the Han dynasty, jade cong were all short columns with one inside and one outside, which were used as decoration and funeral utensils without decoration. From the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, antique jade cong appeared in large numbers and became a decorative or decorative jade article.
③ Fish turtle
Yugui is a rectangular jade with a triangular or straight upper end. In ancient times, Yugui was used to worship the God of Orientation and to distinguish ranks as Jeff. Yugui and Zhang Yu were the most popular in the Warring States Period, and they were produced in every dynasty from Song Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties.
④ Zhang Yu.
Zhang Yu is a flat rectangular object with an inclined blade at one end in a semi-GUI shape. Zhang Yu first appeared in Longshan culture and prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Zhang, like Gui, was once the hierarchical object of the Li Dynasty, but it became scarce after the Spring and Autumn Period.
⑤ Huang Yu
Huang Yu is an arc-shaped jade. It was called "Semi-Jade Huang" in the Han Dynasty, but the jade Huang unearthed in general is only one-third the size of a jade wall, and there are small holes at both ends of the curved arc, which is often cited by the tomb owner and may be used for wearing, so it is called "Huang Pei".
⑥ Yuhu
Jade pot is a kind of jade with or similar to tiger pattern, which is common from Yin Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty.
"bury jade"
Buried jade is a kind of jade specially used for burial. The ancients believed that jade could protect the body. Buried jade refers to this kind of buried jade specially made to protect the body, mainly including jade clothes, jade retort, jade grip, nine-hole jade plug and so on.
① Jade clothes
Jade clothes, also known as "jade box" and "jade quality", are made of metal silk thread through jade pieces. According to legend, the body can be preserved from decay, which can be divided into jade clothes, silver jade clothes and copper jade clothes.
② Jade retort
Yuzi, also known as "Hanyu", is a kind of jade buried in the mouth of the dead. Jade retort has different shapes in past dynasties, such as jade cicada, jade silkworm, jade fish and jade tube. Jade retort in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period includes jade pig, jade dog, jade cow and jade fish. About any small jade piece can be used as a mouth. After the Han Dynasty, a large number of jade cicadas were used as bamboo slips, and some jade cicadas were also used as bamboo slips in the tombs of the early Ming Dynasty.
③ Jade grip
Also known as "holding jade", it is buried jade held in the hands of the deceased. The common jade handle in Han dynasty is pig-shaped "jade dolphin", and other jade articles such as yellow jade are sometimes used as jade handles.
④ Jiuqiao Jade Plug
Refers to the nine-orifice jade plug that fills the dead, including ears, eyes, nostrils, mouth, front yin, back yin and so on. In order to protect the body and prevent the leakage of essence.
Yu Pei
Yu Pei refers to all kinds of jades worn on people, which are characterized by small individuals and most of them have holes. There are many kinds of jade, such as jade Jue, jade bracelet, jade wool gang, jade brand, jade belt hook and so on. Some are worn in groups, and some are hung separately.
① Emerald Jun
It's a human earring. It looks like a small jade, but it has a gap. Neolithic jade slips were mostly plain and simple, while Shang dynasty jade slips were generally dragon-shaped with opposite heads. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, jade slips were carved with oblique knives, such as dragons, birds and birds. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many jade slips were unearthed, which were small in shape and 2-5 cm in outer diameter. After the Warring States period, jade Jue was no longer popular.
② Jade bracelet
Jade bracelet has been one of the most basic wrist ornaments since ancient times. They were unearthed in Neolithic tombs. The jade bracelet in Dawenkou culture has a round outside and a round inside. In the Spring and Autumn Period, they were oblate. In the Tang Dynasty, they were inlaid with gold. The jade bracelet in the Song Dynasty is round, with a flat inside and a round outside, and there is no light. Jade bracelets in Ming and Qing dynasties were mainly decorated with beads, ropes and bamboo knots.
③ Yulong
The image of Yulong keeps pace with the times. The Jade Dragon in Hongshan Culture in Neolithic Age is in the shape of "C", which is simple, beautiful and distinctive. Since then, Yulong has taken on a colorful look. Each generation has its own distinctive characteristics.
Jade animal
Jade animals, as real animals in nature, are both round and flaky, with diverse shapes and realistic postures. Jade animals are generally used as ornaments, and some can be used as decorations. Jade animals mainly include jade tiger, jade elephant, jade bear, jade horse, jade deer, jade cow, jade pig, jade eagle, jade fish, jade turtle and so on. , is the most common jade in past dynasties.
Jade people are works that directly reflect people's image, including the whole body, chest circumference, head and face, etc. Generally, they are flat, which can be used as accessories or large-scale furnishings, and have the functions of offering sacrifices and exorcising evil spirits. In the Neolithic age, the appearance of jade people was obviously childish. After Shang Dynasty, there were various jade figures, including standing, kneeling, whole body, head, human, female, round carving, piece carving, etc. Each era had different image characteristics.
④ Jade sword ornaments
Jade sword ornaments are decorative jade pieces used on swords. The ornament on the sword head is called the jade sword head, and the ornament between the hilt and the sword body is called the jade sword lattice. Jade sword ornaments prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties.