From the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, China has been carrying out the policy of opening to the outside world. It was not until the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty that the ruling class of our country implemented the policy of "closing the door to the outside world".

It started in neighboring countries, such as North Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia, and then gradually spread to India, Persia and Arabia, and finally spread to Europe, East Africa and North Africa.

(1) The first period was the Qin and Han Dynasties. During this period, the main contacts were limited to neighboring countries such as North Korea, Japan and Vietnam. It was not until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty that there was formal direct contact with West Asia and Europe.

(1) Historical facts: A. The "Silk Road" opened by Zhang Qian was the most brilliant performance of China's diplomatic relations during this period, which opened a new era of Sino-Western exchanges. B. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Chao sent a special envoy to the Western Regions, Gan Ying, to Daqin (Roman Empire). Gan Ying arrived in the rest of the Western Regions and returned to the Persian Gulf due to unknown circumstances. In BC 166, An Dun, king of Daqin, sent a special envoy to China. This is the beginning of formal exchanges between China and Europe. D. Korea has frequent economic and cultural exchanges with Japan and North Korea.

② Features: a. In terms of scope, neighboring countries began to communicate with Europe; B. as far as the form of communication is concerned, it is both political and economic; C. From the way: there are two ways: official and private, in which the official is the main participant; D. From the road of communication: mainly land.

② The second period is the Sui and Tang Dynasties. During this period, China's feudal economy was in the stage of prosperity and rising, and foreign economic and cultural exchanges also developed greatly.

1 Historical facts: A. Korea: Silla reunification; Korean music, overseas students, handicraft technology; Trade B. Japan: sending envoys to Tang Dynasty, studying abroad, people. Administrative system, Kyoto architecture, writing, life C. India: Tianzhu; Boil sugar; Two-way cultural exchange; Xuanzang's Journey to the West D. Sia: King of Persia, Merchant, Dance. Eat Islam, make paper and spin; Porcelain; (China) China

② Features: A. Fully open and far-reaching. China has gradually become the economic and cultural center of the East. Economic and cultural exchanges with some neighboring countries are no longer limited to general exchanges, but as the center of talent training and economic exchanges. B during this period, the spatial scope of China's foreign economic and cultural exchanges has been greatly expanded. Besides East Asia and Southeast Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, Europe and even Africa have had frequent commercial, economic and cultural exchanges. Most notably, Persian and Arab envoys and businessmen came to China in large numbers. During the Tang Dynasty, a group of Persians stayed in China and never came back. C. both land and sea are developed. D. two-way communication,

③ The third period is the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

1 Historical facts: A. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass spread to Europe. During the Yuan Dynasty, gunpowder spread to Europe.

② Features: A. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the commodity economy in feudal society has developed, domestic and foreign trade has flourished, and foreign shipping has also advanced by leaps and bounds, especially maritime transportation, ranking among the best in the world. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, China's fleet was the most active in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. B During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, a group of international travelers with rich sailing experience appeared in China's foreign economy and culture.

(4) The fourth period: Ming and Qing Dynasties (before the Opium War)

① Historical facts: A. Zheng He's voyages to the West: 1405- 1433, seven times, Africa, Red Sea; Politics is dominant, and trade is not beneficial. B. Overseas Chinese developed Nanyang: the Tang Dynasty began; Know more, spread advanced technology and culture, and promote development C. Qi Jiguang's Anti-Japanese War: Taizhou in the middle and late Ming Dynasty; Fujian, Yu,1565.d. Portuguese occupation of Macao: 1553 right of abode; 1557 government office, long-term occupation. E. Recovering Taiwan Province Province: 1624 Netherlands; 1662 Zheng Chenggong; 1684 Russian government F. Fighting against Taiwan Province: the battle between Kangxi and jaxa; 1689 treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu

② Features: A. From opening to closing: After the early Qing Dynasty, these contacts were gradually interrupted due to the closed-door policy adopted by the feudal ruling class. B. Start fighting against foreign aggression. 5. Enlightenment from China's ancient history of foreign relations.

(1) Opening to the outside world, economic and cultural exchanges with foreign countries can promote social progress, while closing the door to the outside world can only lead to the backwardness of the country and the nation.

(2) Strengthening ties, learning from each other and promoting each other is the trend of world historical development. Those who follow the trend of historical development survive, while those who go against it perish.

⑶ Political stability and economic prosperity are important conditions for foreign economic and cultural exchanges.

(4) Peaceful and friendly exchanges are the mainstream of our people's foreign exchanges, which shows that our ancient people are peace-loving and friendly people.