Wittenberg's civil rights have been expanding, and they have obtained their own management institutions. 13 17 established a city council. 1332, wittenberg was granted the right to set up lower courts, and at the same time, craftsmen in the city were organized. 1354, and gained market rights. The ferry method is based on 1380. At the same time, the city began to build walls. Therefore, during the Hus Uprising in 1429, although the insurgents besieged wittenberg, they failed to occupy it.
Although the influence of Asquin-Nini dynasty in Wittenberg has declined, their influence in imperial politics has been expanding. Rudolph I promoted Saxony-wittenberg to an independent principality through wise regional policies, and he was able to confirm his voter status in 1356, so wittenberg became the capital of voters. However, after the death of Albright IV, Asquin's status as an elector fell into the hands of the Weiting dynasty. In this way, Wittenberg also lost its position as the capital of the elector. Although Frederick I reconfirmed all the rights of Wittenberg and granted the rights of the Wittenberg High Court in 1444, on the whole, it had no political significance.
From 65438 to 0485, Weiting dynasty was divided into Ernst dynasty and Albert dynasty. 1486, Frederick III of Ernst became the elector, and wittenberg became the capital of the elector. Frederick made great efforts in the city, 1487 built the Elbe River Bridge, 1490 built palaces and churches in the palace, and expanded the walls of Wittenberg. Wittenberg was built into a powerful fortress in the middle reaches of the Elbe River in the early 6th century, but it is still a medium-sized city with about 2,000 residents. 1502, Frederick decided to establish a university in his capital, which was the first university established by a monarch instead of a church in the Holy Roman Empire. Since then, wittenberg has attracted many intellectuals. 1503, the first building of the university was completed, 1504, the Austrian monastery was built. Today, this building is called Luther Building. Lucas Cranach came to Wittenberg in 1505, and Martin Luther came here in 1508. The book printing industry has developed in the city and developed rapidly economically and ideologically. 151710/October 3 1 day, Luther published 95 papers, which attracted many scholars and students. The university in Wittenberg became one of the most important universities in the16th century. Is a modern humanistic college student. 15 18 Philipp Melanchthon teaches here.
Luther burned the canon law and Pope Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici's decree to cancel his religious belief in front of the Wittenberg Magpie. After breaking with the Catholic Church, wittenberg became the birthplace of the Reformation. Wittenberg became the most important center of new ideas in Europe at that time.
After Frederick's death, the capital of Saxony moved to Tolgoi, but it remained the center of the Reformation. The Lutheran Bible is published here. During this period, many new buildings have been built in the city to meet the growing needs of residents. The wall of 1526 was reinforced again. New municipal building will be built, and water supply facilities will be built at the end of 16.
The conflict caused by the religious reform eventually led to the outbreak of the Xumalkadi War. Wittenberg is still the center of true Lutheranism. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Daniel sonat and other famous scholars also attracted many students, but the situation changed after the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. 1626, the city wall was reinforced again, and the citizens who can serve strengthened the protection of the city wall. Wittenberg itself suffered limited damage in the war, but many places around it were burned. Many people fled to the wall of Wittenberg for protection, which led to the outbreak of famine and plague in the city and reduced the population. 1637 wittenberg repelled the siege of Swedish general Johann Bannar. In retaliation, Bannar burned the wooden bridge across the Elbe River in June+10/October 65438+July. The war also affected college life. Bloody battles between students and mercenaries often break out in cities. So many people in the city were executed at that time. At the same time, the witch hunting movement is beginning, which has also caused many deaths. The situation in this market has gradually returned to normal.
Wittenberg was occupied by Swedish troops in the Great Northern War, but it was quickly recovered. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing goes to college here. Wittenberg changed hands many times in the Seven Years' War, and Prussia occupied Wittenberg on August 27th. 1759. 1760, the Austrian army besieged wittenberg, and they demolished all the houses around the outside of the city wall to gain shelling space. The Prussian governor of the city refused to invest. The Austrians started shelling wittenberg. 1760 65438+1October 13 The palace and the palace church in the city were burned down. The Prussian garrison surrendered. In this shelling, many houses in the city were destroyed, and it is said that the gate where Martin Luther nailed his 95 papers was also burned.
1764, the Saxon government cancelled the fortress status of Wittenberg, and Wittenberg was seriously damaged. The reconstruction of this city is progressing slowly. 1770 this palace built in the late baroque style was not opened until August 6. The Elbe River Bridge, which was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War in 1787, was rebuilt and opened. But the number of students in the city is still very small. 1795 wittenberg university has only 366 students. After the allied forces of Prussia and Saxony were defeated by Napoléon Bonaparte in the Battle of Jena-Oster, the elector of Saxony, Friedrich August, fell into Napoleon's hands. 180665438+February 1 1 He signed a peace treaty with Napoleon and joined the Rhine Federation. So Napoleon promoted him to king. 1806101On October 23rd, Napoleon visited Wittenberg and built it into a fortress. The university in wittenberg moved to Bart schmid Berg. Residents of wittenberg must provide accommodation for the French army. Therefore, wittenberg became a French transit barracks, and wittenberg had to provide supplies. During this period, there were 160000 French troops passing by in Wittenberg, and 60000 were resident. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Wittenberg became the focus of the battle. 1865438+On March 20th, 2003, after the new commander-in-chief of the fortress took office, he ordered all the houses, trees and fences within 900 steps around the fortress to be demolished, so that the defenders of the fortress could get an open space for firing guns. Many residents lost their property as a result. On September 25th, the Prussian army carried out a large-scale shelling of wittenberg. The garrison commander of Torgaol surrendered, but the commander of wittenberg refused to surrender. The situation in this city is getting more and more difficult. Water supply facilities have been destroyed and food must be rationed.
18 14 February 12 wittenberg's fortress leader refused to surrender again. Prussia shelled wittenberg continuously from noon 12 to afternoon 1, during which * * * fired 2477 shells. After that, Pu Jun began to charge the fortress. After losing 100 men and eight officers, Pu Jun occupied Wittenberg. The French leader was captured in the basement of the palace. The French army also suffered great losses. 18 13 in June, there were 3000 French soldiers in the city. When wittenberg was conquered, there were 2,000 people who could fight and 800 people in the ward. 259 houses outside Wittenberg and 37 houses in the city were all destroyed. The number of residents in this city has decreased by one third.
According to the resolution of the Vienna Conference, three-fifths of Saxony was ceded to Prussia, including Wittenberg. 18 17 king Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ of Prussia ordered the closure of wittenberg university, and the rest of the university merged with Harley institute of higher learning. As compensation, wittenberg got a Protestant school. 1820, the 26th Infantry Regiment entered Wittenberg, which became a barracks city. Wittenberg's palace was transformed into a barracks. University buildings were also demolished to build barracks.
The change of Wittenberg was typical in the fortress city at that time. A new Elbe River Bridge has been built. 184 1 The railway to Berlin was completed on August 28th. 1848 revolution also got a response in wittenberg. Many political clubs were established in the city, but in the end, the conservative forces gained the upper hand. The first gathering of Protestant churches in Germany was held in the Palace Church in Wittenberg.
1873 On May 30th, William I ordered the demolition of wittenberg City Wall, and the demolition began on June 30th of the same year. Where the original city wall became a green space. The telegraph line between Berlin and Harley was connected at 1876, and the new postal building was opened at 1893 through Wittenberg. Due to the convenient transportation, many enterprises have settled here. 1893 wasag chemical co., ltd built an explosive factory here. Other enterprises that have settled here include machinery manufacturing, foundry and rubber factory.
In Wittenberg, a culture commemorating the Reformation gradually took shape. 182 1 year, the Luther monument was completed. 1830 today's Luther oak is cultivated. 1858 has cast a new bronze platform door. 1865 meilanxi children's monument was unveiled. From 1877 to 1883, a religious reform museum was set up in Luther building. 1892 65438+1October 3 1 William II attended the opening ceremony of the restored palace church. Industrialization continued in the 20th century. Power plants have been built in this city. 19 15 built a nitrogen plant. Today, the workers' dormitory of this nitrogen-making factory is under commemorative protection. At the same time, German internal affairs have an increasing influence on wittenberg. The economic difficulties during the First World War, the Karp coup, the German Revolution and the subsequent economic expansion all left traces in Wittenberg. 19 19 wittenberg temporarily lost its role as a barracks city. Industrialization also leads to population growth. In April 1922, 1, Wittenberg obtained the qualification of a city that does not belong to a county. In May of the same year, the municipal government decided to change the name of the city to "Wittenberg in Lude". Due to bureaucratic reasons, this name did not become an official name until 1938.
During the Nazi period, a serious explosion occurred in the explosive factory in the city on June 1935, causing many deaths and destroying many objects. In the same year, a factory was established in the city, and women in concentration camps were forced to work in very bad conditions. 1936, wittenberg became the barracks city of the German Defence Forces. During the Crystal Night in 1938, Jewish shops and houses in the room were destroyed. Jewish residents were detained and transported. After the outbreak of World War II, the wittenberg Garrison went to the front and the auxiliary troops settled in. The longer the war lasts, the more deaths are reported in the newspaper. Due to the increasingly serious air strikes, although the arsenal often has air defense alarms, it still works day and night. The allies mainly attacked Berlin. Allied bombers destroyed many buildings and railway stations in the east of the city at 1944. In order to strengthen the production of the arsenal, more coolies held in concentration camps were transferred to Wittenberg in the summer of 1944. 1On April 26th, 945, before the Soviet Red Army occupied wittenberg, the Germans also bombed the Elbe River Bridge in the city.
After the Soviet army entered, it was robbery at first, and gradually the Soviet chief was able to control the situation. The military government and local democratic forces jointly carry out reconstruction work. The most severely damaged ones were demolished, and life in the market gradually returned to normal.
1946, another cinema opened in the city. The arsenal in the city was demolished and turned into civilian production. 1948, the palace was transformed into a museum. At the end of the fixed period, the shops in the market are open again. After the founding of the German Democratic Republic, the city council gained the executive power. 1952, East Germany abolished the state administrative region, and Wittenberg lost its status as an unincorporated county. In the 1950 s, the city did a lot of restoration work. 1953 music school, swimming pool and cultural palace were built. 1953 June 17 When demonstrations broke out in East Germany, there were only small-scale protests in Wittenberg, and tanks were deployed at the gates of large factories to prevent large-scale activities.
Many refugees fleeing from East Prussia caused a housing shortage in wittenberg. From 1957 to 1963, many large houses were built in the city. The residents of wittenberg live like many other East German cities. 1979 From 1945, the Soviet troops stationed in wittenberg withdrew to the Soviet Union according to the results of the strategic arms limitation negotiations.
Wittenberg celebrated the 450th anniversary of Wittenberg University in 1952, commemorated the 400th anniversary of Lucas Cranach's death in 1953, and held a large-scale costume parade in 1967. Halle-Wittenberg University held an international conference and academic celebration to commemorate the 450th anniversary of the Reformation. The museum in memory of Melanesia opened in his former site. 1983, many activities were held to commemorate Luther's 500th birthday. The city church got a new organ, and the Luther Museum was restored and renovated. The bell tower and platform door of the palace church have also been repaired. People from 15 countries attended the Protestant church meeting. As a symbol of peace, the sword was transformed into a hoe.
From 1970 to 1976, two new ammonia plants and three urea plants will be built in the nitrogen fertilizer plant, and a large residential area will be built in Chengbei 197 1 980. But citizens are increasingly dissatisfied with the economic and political situation in East Germany. 1989, tens of thousands of people protested in wittenberg. After East Germany opened its borders, Wittenberg also experienced rapid political changes. Many factories and enterprises in this city have closed down, which has led to a rapid increase in unemployment. Many people left wittenberg, especially young people. The population and buildings of Wittenberg are decreasing, and the economic recovery is slow. As an important place in the history of Protestantism, tourism has developed. Officials predict that the population will continue to decrease, because the economic situation will not change soon. The symbol of Wittenberg reflects its historical development. 1On June 27th, 1993, the Duke of albrecht granted wittenberg the rights and interests of the city. The highest administrative body of civil society in the Middle Ages was the City Council. 13 17 this Council can be determined as soon as possible. City Council has judicial and legislative functions, and it also allocates the use of urban income. This parliament has a seal. The earliest verifiable wittenberg seal found now originated in the first half of14th century. It stipulates the basic pattern of all city signs in the future. The city emblem shows the city that has been protected by the city wall since 1409: battlements in front and towers in the back.
The two badges in the middle represent the national emblem of the Elector of Saxony. On the right is the badge of Saxony, and the yellow and black stripes on the back are the colors of Asquin dynasty. The green crown on it has been on Albright's badge since 1262.
1356, Charles iv confirmed the status of Saxony-wittenberg as the elector, and wittenberg became the capital of the elector. The badge on the left side of the city emblem is the badge of the Grand Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, which is inseparable from the identity of this elector. Wittenberg continued to use these two badges after the demise of the Asquin dynasty in 1422.
The flowing water in the lower part of the city emblem represents that wittenberg is located on the Elbe River. The fish in the water were once very abundant trout in the Elbe River. In the past, there were so many fish in the Elbe River that fishermen organized into guilds on 1422, and trout was included in the city emblem.