During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the cool land of Hexi, including Qinghai, showed a prosperous civilization. The gathering of scholars and the revitalization of culture and education. The main reason is that Hexi is the hub of east-west traffic, and the cultural and academic research in the western regions is gradually spreading eastward, so we must stop at Hexi first. The Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties were the important periods for the spread of western culture to the east. Hexi felt the freshness of western learning so much that it planted a golden harvest with its fertile soil, gained new civilization nourishment and blended new civilization achievements. As a result of the intersection of eastern and western civilizations, rich cultural deposits were formed, which were used by the "Wuliang" regime and formed a solid foundation for civilization and prosperity. Secondly, the prosperity of Wuliang culture should also be related to the traditional cultural customs in Hexi area. Since the establishment of four counties in Hexi by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Hexi region has maintained close ties with the Central Plains and developed rapidly in culture. A large number of China classics, mainly Confucian classics, are widely circulated here, and many famous Confucian thoughts and scholars have emerged. The prosperity of Wuliang culture also depends on the fact that most of the rulers of Wuliang regime, who built their capitals in Hexi and Hehuang areas successively, attached importance to cultural education, Confucianism, classics and scholars, which is undoubtedly an important factor to promote the development of Wuliang culture. Sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and even the Southern and Northern Dynasties were the period when Buddhism spread widely in China. Buddhism is particularly popular in Hexi area where the five grains are divided into two parts.
Wuliang embraces local culture and foreign culture and "deeply respects" Buddhism. When it was cold in the past, I invited Zhihe, a monk from the western regions, to Liangzhou and translated four classics, Shouleng Yan, Xu Lai, Jinguangshou and Tathagata Samadha Sutra, together with the local Samoans. Since the Jin Dynasty, it has become a craze for mainland monks to go west to seek Buddha. From Zhu Shixing in the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sixteen Countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in more than 300 years, it was recorded that 156 people traveled westward through the Silk Road or Qinghai Road in Hexi area to learn from the scriptures. Hexi region plays an important role as a bridge in the process of Buddhism spreading to the east. With the introduction of Buddhism, Buddhist art appeared, including architecture, painting and sculpture. At the same time, during this period, the local national culture began to flourish, especially in history. At that time, there were eleven kinds of works about the history of five grains. In terms of architectural art, Nanliang regime built and expanded its city in Hehuang area. Tuguhun once built Hexi Bridge, Datian Bridge in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Zuo Jun Temple in Yizhou, which reflected the height of architectural art achieved by people of all ethnic groups in Qinghai at that time. In addition, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, local folk music in Qinghai can be roughly divided into three systems, one is Le Di music, the other is Qiang music, and the third is Liangzhou music. Liangzhou music not only spread widely among the northwest folk, but also became an important part of court music in later generations, which had a very far-reaching impact on later generations.
In the Tang Dynasty, with the gradual occupation and rule of the whole territory of Qinghai by the Tubo Dynasty, the local culture gradually formed the trend of Tubo. All ethnic groups in Qinghai, including Qiang, Tubuhun and Han, have merged into the Tubo people in large numbers due to the policy of unity, integration and national assimilation promoted by the Tubo rulers, and the Tubo characteristics of local culture are becoming more and more distinct. From the middle of the 8th century, especially during the reign of Zampa Chisong Dêzain, the Tubo royal family vigorously promoted Buddhism in the ruling areas, which further developed Qinghai Buddhism and made Qinghai native Buddhism increasingly prominent. Of course, the local culture of Tubo culture does not completely exclude the Qiang, Tuyuhun and Han cultures on the plateau, but absorbs the essence of national culture in large quantities, thus making Tubo national culture more colorful. The highly developed feudal culture in the Tang Dynasty has always attracted the Tubo Dynasty. Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng entered Tibet successively, which brought extremely rich Central Plains culture to Tubo region, deepened the cultural exchange between the Central Plains and the plateau, and thus enriched the cultural connotation of various places.
Qinghai, as the strategic frontier of the struggle between Tang and Fan in Tang Dynasty, attracted the attention of scholars in the Central Plains, and there were many works involving Qinghai in Tang poetry. For example, Li Bai's "China Army marched along Deng Bai Road, while the Tatar Army peeped in the blue waters of the bay. Because no famous battle in history has sent all the soldiers back "(Guan Shanyue); Du Fu "went to the blue sea, looked along the coast, and looked at all the old bones being abandoned. The new ghost annoyed the old ghost and cried, and it was rainy and wet." ("Chedian") and Wang Changling's "Qinghai Changyun Dark Snow Mountain, Lonely City Looking at Yumenguan. The yellow sand wore golden armor in hundreds of battles until it broke Loulan (the fourth part of "Joining the Army"), and it was gone forever. , are famous sayings that have been passed down through the ages. Undoubtedly, frequent cultural exchanges between Tang and Tang promoted the development of local culture in Qinghai.
The widespread spread of Buddhism is one of the important contents of Tibetan culture in Qinghai in Song Dynasty. During the reign of the Qing Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, the Tubo people in Hehuang had generally believed in Buddhism, and they received strong support from the local rulers. Buddhist monks also occupy high positions in society and even participate in politics. "Tubo attaches great importance to monks, and if there is a big event, they will gather monks to discuss it. No one can't." However, the popularity of Buddhism has not offset the inherent cultural traditions of the Tubo people. Primitive religion represented by this religion goes hand in hand with Buddhism.
Qinghai is located in a remote area, and there is a clear gap between the cultural and educational levels of all ethnic groups and the mainland. At the same time, due to the mixed ethnic groups, the local culture has the characteristics of diversification. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, especially in the Ming Dynasty, the population of Han nationality in Hehuang area of Qinghai increased greatly, and the implementation of feudal orthodox Confucian education had a certain foundation and corresponding needs. The development of Confucian education has improved the backwardness of cultural education in Xining to some extent. In the Ming Dynasty, juren and Jinshi began to appear in Qinghai. It is particularly worth mentioning that during the Wanli period, Liu Minkuan, the deputy envoy of Xining for war preparation, and Tong Zhiying, the shepherd of Xining, compiled the Annals of Xining, which provided valuable information for studying the history of Qinghai in the Ming Dynasty.
Yuan and Ming Dynasties adopted the policy of advocating and supporting Tibetan Buddhism out of the need of political rule in Tibetan areas. Therefore, Tibetan Buddhism in Qinghai Province developed rapidly during this period. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian rulers mainly supported the Sakya Sect, and then some Sakya Sect monasteries appeared here, namely the Gezang Temple and Dongcheng Temple in Duoxian County.
The Ming dynasty adopted the policy of "building more buildings and sealing more seals" for various factions of Tibetan Buddhism, that is, as long as they were politically subordinate to the imperial court, they all gave support. In the Ming area, in Hehuang area, "Fan Yu was built to give special gifts to the people", and in Xining area, "Fan Monk temples are dotted with households". The famous Ta 'er Temple in Qing Dynasty was also built in Ming Dynasty. At the same time, during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Islam spread in Hehuang area of the East, and then Muslim nationalities such as Hui and Salar settled in Qinghai.
According to the available materials, there are mosques in Qinghai that began in the Ming Dynasty. Around Hongwu, the Salar people who settled in Xunhua today founded the famous Jiezi Temple. Now the largest mosque in Qinghai-Xining Dongguan Mosque was also built during the Hongwu period. The appearance of mosques not only facilitates the religious activities of Muslim believers, but also contributes to the further spread of Islam. At the same time, Islamic culture symbolized by mosque has become an important part of Qinghai local culture.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the architectural art in Qinghai made some achievements. Almost all the highest achievements of architectural art are embodied in the field of religious culture. Dalaran, located at the highest point of Ta 'er Temple, was also built in Qing Dynasty. This Sino-Tibetan building consists of a mountain gate, a memorial archway, an annex, a lecture hall and a living room. It has a unique structure and is built on a mountain overlooking the whole temple. After several renovations in Qing Dynasty, Ta 'er Temple has become an important cultural and artistic treasure house in Qinghai. Butter sculpture, painting and pile embroidery in Ta 'er Temple are known as the "three wonders" of Ta 'er Temple art. Regong art (also known as Wutun art) is a religious art school with painting and sculpture as its main features, which originated in villages such as Shangxiazhuang, Nianduhu, Guomari and Gasai Ri in Wutun, Tongren County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. Regong art paintings are mainly murals, scroll paintings (called Thangka in Tibetan) and a small amount of wood carvings. The contents are mainly Buddha statues and Buddhist stories. Simple painting style, uniform and harmonious colors, smooth lines and vivid modeling. Its techniques are similar to those of the Han nationality, generally using single-line flat painting with a little baking and dyeing and color block filling. Sculpture is mainly based on medicinal clay statues of Buddha, with vivid modeling, simple and smooth techniques and rich texture.
Islamic culture was also very popular in Qinghai in the early Qing Dynasty. As far as architecture is concerned, the mosque in Dongguan, Xining has been renovated many times in the Qing Dynasty, forming an ancient northwest Islamic building with Arabic, Chinese and Tibetan styles.
People of all ethnic groups in Qinghai love art, and in the Qing Dynasty, folk songs, dances and other folk art forms with local ethnic characteristics gradually formed. The representative folk song "Huaer" popular in Hehuang area in the early Qing Dynasty. Around the middle of the Qing Dynasty, "Pingxian" was introduced into Qinghai from the mainland, and by the late Qing Dynasty, it became a very popular art of sitting and singing in the Han nationality inhabited areas in eastern Qinghai. Most of the tracks are historical stories, myths and folklore, which are sung in dialects with obvious local characteristics. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, shadow play, filial piety, Taoist sentiment, disturbing children and other artistic forms were introduced or produced one after another.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were a large number of epics, narrative poems, lyric poems, myths, legends, fables and stories. It is also spread among all ethnic groups in Qinghai in the form of rap, the most influential of which is the world's longest Tibetan epic Biography of King Gesar, which, together with the ancient Greek epic Homer and the Indian epic, is a pearl in the world cultural treasure house.
The outstanding performance of Qinghai's cultural achievements in the early Qing Dynasty was the compilation of various local chronicles. In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657), Su compiled the earliest local chronicles of Xining (also known as Xizhen Zhi) in Qinghai.
In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), Yang Yingju, a thrifty man in Xining, compiled the New Records of Xining House, with 40 volumes and 300,000 words. It is the most complete local chronicles in Qinghai.
During the Qianlong period, Ji Yun and others were ordered to compile 36 volumes of Biography of Heyuan, describing in detail the process and results of Amitabha and others' investigation of Heyuan, and drawing a list with reference to historical documents, which is an important document for studying Heyuan.
Qinghai's cultural undertakings have been relatively backward. With the intensification of social changes and the stimulation and influence of international and domestic cultural phenomena, many new changes have taken place in Qinghai's cultural field, some unprecedented cultural forms have begun to appear, and some ancient cultural forms have also undergone great changes in content.
Public cultural facilities in the modern sense appeared late in Qinghai, with monotonous types and simple implementation. There are mainly libraries, cinemas and some temporary public places of entertainment. 1926, Guide County was ordered by the Education Department of Gansu Province to set up the Guide County People's Library, with a collection of more than 150 kinds, which is the first modern public library in Qinghai history. During 1938, Dai Chuanxian, president of the National Government Examinations Institute, visited Qinghai. Deeply impressed by the backwardness of Qinghai's cultural undertakings, he proposed the establishment of a provincial library and donated 9,878 books of 3,224 kinds. The Qinghai Provincial Government selected the site of the library in Huangmiao Street, Xining, and established the Qinghai Provincial Library with 44 rooms, which was officially opened on April 15 of the following year. The appearance of movies in Qinghai was a new thing in the early 1930s. 1930, private businessmen from the mainland came to Qinghai to show silent films. In the autumn of the same year, Ma Bufang sent someone to buy a movie projector from Tientsin, which was shown at the headquarters of the New Ninth Division and the big teaching field the following year. 1942 the provincial department of education set up an audio-visual education counseling office to use slides to assist teaching and political propaganda. 1943, the famous director Zheng led a film crew to Xining to shoot Long Live the Nation. In the same year, Huangguang Photoelectric Cinema, the only commercial public cinema in Qinghai, opened in Shanshan Guild Hall in Xining. Before the establishment of Qinghai Province, there were few public places of entertainment in modern times. 1932 In order to enliven people's cultural life, the Civil Affairs Department of Qinghai Province opened a venue for entertaining people in Xining Small Teaching Field.
Since modern times, Qinghai's literary creation has begun to have a new improvement. Before the 20th century, some old intellectuals born in Qinghai wrote poems to express their feelings while serving as officials and teaching, leaving many poems, some of which were praised and appreciated by later generations. The more influential poets in this period are Zhang Sixian, Lai Weili and Zhao. Since the 20th century, especially after the May 4th Movement, the literary world in Qinghai has become more and more active. In addition to the further development of traditional metrical poems, new vernacular novels, new style poems and prose writing have gradually appeared and made certain achievements.
During the Republic of China, more than ten poems were collected and published, such as Li Dan's Poem on Coral Rock Zhai, Zhu Yaonan's Poem on Finding Teeth, Zhou Guanghui's Poem on Painting Clouds, Zhou Xiwu's Poem on Walking on the Grass and other poems about Shouyi Zhai. After the May 4th Movement, influenced by the New Culture Movement, vernacular novels and new poems gradually became the mainstream of literature. In the mid-1930s, many literary and artistic publications appeared in Qinghai, such as Coming to the People, Dawn, Lunying, Bing Si Shi and so on. These publications were later incorporated into the literary supplement of Qinghai Gonghe Daily, including Bian Sheng, Student Literature and Art, People's Paradise and so on. It was an important garden of Qinghai new literature at that time. Folk epics and other literary forms of ethnic minorities continued to follow and develop in modern times.
Since the end of Qing Dynasty, traditional folk art forms such as Pingxian, Daoqing, Xiao Xian and Deng Ying Opera have been popular in Qinghai. Later, there were water pouring (similar to Allegro), octagonal drums and small magic tricks. After the Republic of China 14 (1925), drama, dance, singing and other art forms called "civilized drama" came onto the stage, and the development of local art in Qinghai entered a new historical period. After the establishment of the province, the teachers and students of the first women's normal school in the province performed dance programs for the first time, and modern dance began to enter the palace of Qinghai art with the participation of women in the drama movement, which was a manifestation of the great changes in social atmosphere at that time. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Qinghai's drama, song and dance, music and other arts entered a period of great development.
Modern Qinghai also made some achievements in the field of painting and calligraphy.
Before the Republic of China, the special research on Qinghai history was basically blank. Since the Republic of China, the research in this field has been carried out gradually, and many works have appeared.
Journalism in Qinghai came into being in the 1920s. In the Republic of China 15 (1926), the Party Department of Xining County of the Kuomintang published the lithograph Zhongshan Weekly on the basis of establishing a weekly party newspaper (handwritten wall newspaper), which was the earliest news newspaper printed by modern printing technology in Qinghai. After the establishment of Qinghai province, with the increasing demand of news public opinion and political propaganda, Qinghai newspapers and periodicals have great opportunities for development. 1929 In February, the Bulletin Bureau of the Secretariat of the Qinghai Provincial Government established a comprehensive publication, New Qinghai Daily and Qinghai Provincial Government Bulletin (Monthly), which reported on the work of the provincial government. After the national army withdrew eastward, the New Youth Poster was controlled by March and Marin. 1932 In April, the newspaper was renamed Qinghai Daily, and at the same time it was changed to glossy paper with a daily circulation of 800 copies. In addition to newspapers and magazines, there have been three news agencies in Qinghai, namely Huangzhong News Agency (the Army was founded in 1929), Zheng Wen News Agency Qinghai Branch in Beiping (founded in 1932, which soon closed down) and Qinghai Telecommunications Bureau (founded in 1930 in garrison headquarters, the southern border region of Qinghai), all of which existed for a short time and had little impact. 1949 In May, when the Ma Bufang regime was about to collapse, a radio station was built in Qinghai. Officially broadcast in August 1, broadcast twice a day. Loudspeakers have been installed in the main streets of Xining.
Good luck!