There are three pages in all.
1, the situation of Cizhou kilns in past dynasties
CHINA is famous for its ceramics, and China's English translation name (China) means porcelain. In the 8,000-year history of ceramics, ceramic masters "turned stone into gold" and created many human treasures integrating science, technology and art. These ceramic products were not only important industrial products in China, but also daily necessities and ornamental objects loved by people in China and the world at that time. It not only plays a material role in improving human living conditions in a specific era, but also evokes the infinite beauty of people's spiritual world with its colorful shapes, exquisite ornamentation and colorful colors. China ceramics have produced great and eternal social effects in history, made great contributions to world civilization, and become the common precious wealth of mankind.
As early as ancient times, our ancestors made a transition from collecting, fishing and raising pigs for a long time to an economic life dominated by agriculture, and learned to make pottery with clay in social practice. Since then, profound changes have taken place in all aspects, as Engels said in "Family Private Ownership and the Origin of the State": "The lowest stage of barbarism begins with the application of pottery". The invention of pottery promoted the gradual consolidation of human settlement life. In the abstract of Morgan's Ancient Society, Marx believed that the invention of pottery "controlled the source of food to a certain extent and began to live a settled life". The ancestors of Fengfeng in Cizhou began to burn pottery as early as 7500 years ago. A large number of brown pottery and red pottery with sand were unearthed in the Neolithic site of Cishan, 20 kilometers north of Pengcheng, which was named "magnetic mountain culture" by China Academy of Social Sciences. Thus, the historical position of this area as the birthplace of ancient pottery was determined.
After "magnetic mountain culture", there are also a lot of cultural remains in Yangshao culture and Longshan culture. During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, hard gray pottery of the pre-Shang period was discovered in Futian Village, Doufugou Village and Yijing Village of Pengcheng Town. During the Warring States period, "Handan and Zhao" made pottery, which was unique at that time ... According to legend, there was a kiln with white glazed tires and a tiger pillow as a masterpiece at that time "; During the Qin and Han Dynasties, pottery workshops directly managed by feudal nobles and privately operated pottery workshops appeared. Fengfeng's glazed pottery production has reached a mature stage.
During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Pengcheng and Linshui were located in the most economically and culturally developed areas in the Central Plains and became the scenic spots in the western suburbs of Yecheng, the capital of Beijing. The molding technology also tends to be mature, firing celadon and white porcelain for cosmetics, and completing the leap from pottery to porcelain. In previous archaeological investigations, more than 100 celadon bowls were found in the kiln site of Linshui kiln. More than half of these utensils began to be coated with white makeup soil and blue-yellow transparent glaze on their mouths, and the makeup part was yellow and white. This is the initial stage of the transition from glazed pottery in Cizhou kiln to cosmetic white porcelain. 1975, an ancient kiln site in the Tang Dynasty and several pieces of white porcelain for cosmetics were discovered in Linshui. It shows that the firing of cosmetic white porcelain in Cizhou kiln has entered a mature stage at this time, and the kiln type has also changed from supporting firing to cage (sagger) bowl firing.
In the Song Dynasty, Cizhou Kiln began to enter a prosperous period. In the long-term ceramic practice, it has gradually formed a unique style and characteristics (that is, white makeup techniques). Unified modeling and unique decorative techniques constitute the style and appearance of Cizhou kiln products, which embodies local characteristics, national styles and characteristics of the times. Cizhou Kiln in Song Dynasty has a wide range of materials, diverse forms and rich connotations. The combination of ceramic skills and art has brought ceramic objects to a brand-new artistic realm and initiated a new era of ceramic art. Among the many varieties of Cizhou kiln, black flowers on white background (rusty flowers), carved flowers and kiln black glaze are the most famous. Its decorative techniques broke through the restriction of monochromatic glazes of five famous kilns (Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Jun kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln) popular at that time, and adopted dozens of colorful decorative techniques, which opened a precedent for ceramic decoration.
The decorative style of Cizhou Kiln in Jin Dynasty tends to be simplified. In the Yuan Dynasty, Cizhou Kiln in Pengcheng area set off another porcelain-making climax, which not only inherited the traditional varieties of Song and Jin Dynasties, but also expanded the production scale and increased the production of large vessels. During the period of 1973, a stone grinding trough was unearthed in Dalugou, Pengcheng, and several typical fish and algae pots in Yuan Dynasty were unearthed. Its shape and decorative style are very similar to those of the Yuan Dynasty fish and algae pot unearthed in Beijing. In recent years, tens of thousands of Yuan Dynasty porcelains and tiles have been discovered and unearthed on a large scale in the reconstruction of the old city of Pengcheng. On June 2 1 2000, the article "Pengcheng is the Porcelain-making Center of Cizhou Kiln in Yuan Dynasty" was published on the front page of China Heritage Newspaper, which opened a new chapter for the study of Cizhou Kiln in Pengcheng.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Cizhou kiln in Pengcheng still maintained a considerable output, and an official kiln was set up in Pengcheng, and an "official altar factory" was set up in Nanguan of Cizhou, that is, a warehouse for storing official altars, in preparation for being transported to Beijing by boat along the Fuyang River. Ming Hui Dian records: "There were 40 official kilns in Pengcheng Town in Ming Dynasty. At the age of, the magnetic altar was built and the official altar factory was built. The ship was transported to Beijing and merged into Guanglu Temple. In the eleventh year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty, 1 1936 imperial altars paid tribute. During the period from Yongle to Xuande in Ming Dynasty, the ceramic production of Pengcheng kiln industry appeared the scene of common prosperity of folk kiln and official kiln. Zhang, a government official in the Ming Dynasty, recorded the porcelain industry in Pengcheng at that time in the tablet of Friends and Friends Mountain: "According to the government, each is a factory. The size is fine and thick, and the forging is different ... It seems that there are thousands of authors and few factories. At the age of 20, I lost a batch of equipment to royal users, which is not the best in the world.