First of all, mechanics:
1 and 1638, Italian physicist Galileo used scientific reasoning to prove that heavy objects fall as fast as light objects in the dialogue between two new sciences. The experiment of two balls with different mass falling in the Leaning Tower of Pisa proved that his view was correct, and overturned the view of Aristotle, an ancient Greek scholar (that is, it is wrong for a ball with large mass to fall fast).
2. 1654, a sensational experiment-hemispheric experiment in Madeborg, Germany;
3.65438-0687, British scientist Newton put forward three laws of motion (Newton's three laws of motion) in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
4./kloc-in the 0/7th century, Galileo pointed out through an ideal experiment that an object moving on a horizontal plane would keep moving at this speed if there was no friction; It is concluded that force is the reason to change the motion of an object, which overturns Aristotle's view that force is the reason to maintain the motion of an object.
Descartes, a contemporary French physicist, further pointed out that if there is no other reason, the moving object will continue to move in a straight line at the same speed, neither stopping nor deviating from the original direction.
5. British physicist Hooke's contribution to physics: Hooke's law; Classic title: Hooke thinks that only under certain conditions, the elasticity of the spring is directly proportional to the deformation of the spring (right)
6. From 65438 to 0638, Galileo studied projectile motion in detail with the method of observation-hypothesis-mathematical reasoning in his book Dialogue between Two New Sciences.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, Galileo pointed out through ideal experimental methods: if there is no friction, an object moving on a horizontal plane will keep moving at this speed; Descartes, a contemporary French physicist, further pointed out: If nothing else,
The reason is that the moving object will continue to move in a straight line at the same speed, neither stopping nor deviating from the original direction.
7. According to daily observation and experience, people put forward "geocentric theory", represented by Ptolemy, an ancient Greek scientist; The Polish astronomer Copernicus put forward "Heliocentrism" and boldly refuted the geocentric theory.
In the 8th century and17th century, German astronomer Kepler put forward Kepler's three laws.
9. Newton officially published the law of gravity in 1687; 1798, British physicist Cavendish accurately measured the gravitational constant by using the torsion balance experimental device.
10 and 1846, Adams, a student of Cambridge University in England, and Le Verrier, a French astronomer, applied the law of universal gravitation to calculate and observe Neptune. 1930, American astronomer Tang Bao discovered Pluto with the same calculation method.
9. The rocket invented by China in the Song Dynasty is the originator of modern rockets, and its principle is the same as that of modern rockets; However, the structure of modern rockets is complex, and the maximum speed that can be achieved mainly depends on the jet speed and mass ratio (the mass ratio at the beginning of rocket flight and the mass ratio when fuel is burned out);
Russian scientist tsiolkovsky is known as the father of modern rockets. He first put forward the concepts of multistage rocket and inertial navigation. Multi-stage rockets are generally three-stage rockets, and China has become the third country to master manned space technology.
10,1In June 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite;
1 961April, the world's first manned spacecraft "Dongfang1"sent yuri gagarin into space for the first time.
1 1, quantum mechanics established in the early 20th century and Einstein's special theory of relativity show that classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects.
12 and17th century, German astronomer Kepler put forward Kepler's three laws. Newton officially published the law of gravity in 1687; 1798, the British physicist Cavendish accurately measured the gravitational constant by using the torsion balance device (reflecting the idea of amplification and transformation); 1846, scientists calculated and observed Neptune by applying the law of universal gravitation.
Elective part: (Elective 3- 1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5)
2. Electromagnetism: (Elective course 3- 1, 3-2)
13 and 1785, French physicist Coulomb discovered the law of interaction between charges by torsion balance experiment, and measured the value of electrostatic constant k.
16, 19 13 years, American physicist Millikan accurately measured the charge of simple charge e through oil drop experiment and won the Nobel Prize.
17, 1826 German physicist Ohm (1787- 1854) obtained Ohm's law through experiments.
In 18, 19 1 1, the Dutch scientist Anis (or Annas) found that when the temperature of most metals drops to a certain value, the resistance suddenly drops to zero-superconducting phenomenon.
In 19 and 19 centuries, Joule and Lengci independently discovered the law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor, that is, Joule-Lenz law.
20, 1820, Danish physicist Oster found that current can deflect the small magnetic needles around, which is the so-called current magnetic effect.
2 1, French physicist ampere found that two parallel lines with the same current attract each other and two parallel lines with opposite current repel each other, and put forward the hypothesis of ampere molecular current; The ampere rule (right-handed spiral rule) is summarized to judge the relationship between current and magnetic field, and the left-handed rule is summarized to judge the direction of magnetic field force on live wire in magnetic field.
22. The Dutch physicist Lorenz put forward the view that moving charge produces magnetic field, and the magnetic field has a force (Lorentz force) on moving charge.
23. Thomson, a British physicist, discovered electrons and pointed out that cathode rays are electron streams moving at high speed.
24. The mass spectrometer designed by Thomson's student Aston can be used to measure the mass of charged particles and analyze isotopes.
25, 1932, American physicist Lorenz invented the cyclotron, which can produce a large number of high-energy particles in the laboratory. (The maximum kinetic energy depends only on the magnetic field and the diameter of the D-box. The cycle of that circular motion of char particles is the same as that of the high-frequency pow supply; However, when the kinetic energy of particles is large and the speed is close to the speed of light, according to the special theory of relativity, the mass of particles increases significantly with the speed, and the cyclotron period of particles in the magnetic field changes, so it is difficult to further increase the speed of particles.
26. 183 1 year, the British physicist Faraday discovered the condition and law of current generated by magnetic field-the law of electromagnetic induction.
27. 1834, Russian physicist Lengci published Lenz's law, which determines the direction of induced current.
28. 1835, American scientist Henry discovered the self-inductance phenomenon (the phenomenon that the circuit itself produces induced electromotive force due to the change of current). The working principle of fluorescent lamp is one of its applications, and the precision resistor made by double winding method is one of its applications to eliminate its influence.
Five, wave science (3-4 optional):
In the 33rd century and17th century, Huygens, a Dutch physicist, determined the period formula of a simple pendulum. A simple pendulum with a period of 2s is called a double pendulum.
34. 1690, Huygens, a Dutch physicist, put forward the law of mechanical wave fluctuation-Huygens principle.
35. The Austrian physicist Doppler (1803- 1853) first discovered the phenomenon that the observer feels the frequency change due to the relative motion between the wave source and the observer-Doppler effect. Close to each other, f increases; Away from each other, f decreases.
36. 1864, the British physicist Maxwell published the paper "electromagnetic field dynamics theory", put forward the electromagnetic field theory, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, pointed out that light is electromagnetic waves, and laid the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light. Electromagnetic wave is a kind of shear wave.
37, 1887, German physicist Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments and determined that the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is equal to the speed of light.
38, 1894, Italian Marconi and Russian popov invented the wireless telegraph respectively, which opened a new chapter in radio communication.
39, 1800, the British physicist Herschel discovered infrared;
180 1 year, German physicist Ritter discovered ultraviolet rays;
1895, the German physicist Roentgen discovered X-rays (Roentgen rays) and took the world's first X-ray human body photo for his wife's hand.
Six, optical (3-4 optional):
In 40 years, 162 1 year, the Dutch mathematician Snell discovered the law between incident angle and refraction angle-the law of refraction.
In 4 1 year, the British physicist Thomas Young successfully observed the phenomenon of light interference.
42. 18 18, French scientists Fresnel and Poisson calculated and experimentally observed the circular plate diffraction of light-Poisson bright spot.
43, 1864, British physicist Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, pointing out that light is electromagnetic waves;
1887, Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves, and light is electromagnetic waves.
44, 1905, Einstein's special theory of relativity has two basic principles:
(1) principle of relativity-in different inertial reference systems, all physical laws are the same;
(2) The principle that the speed of light is constant-in different inertial reference systems, the speed of light in vacuum must be constant.
45. Einstein also put forward an important conclusion in the theory of relativity-the mass-energy equation.
46. From 468 BC to 376 BC, Mo Zhai and his disciples in China recorded the linear propagation of light, the formation of shadows, the reflection of light, and the imaging of flat and spherical mirrors in the world's earliest optical work, The Book of Mo.
47. 1849 French physicist Fizeau first measured the speed of light on the ground, and later many scientists adopted more sophisticated methods to measure the speed of light, such as Michelson's rotating prism method. (Pay attention to its measurement method)
48. Regarding the essence of light:17th century, two theories were clearly formed: one was the particle theory advocated by Newton, which believed that light was a kind of material particle emitted by a light source; The other is the wave theory put forward by Huygens, a Dutch physicist. He thinks that light is a wave propagating in space. Neither theory can explain all the light phenomena observed at that time.
Seven, the theory of relativity (3-4 questions optional):
49. There are two dark clouds in the physical clear sky: ① Michelson-Morey experiment-relativity (high-speed moving world), ② thermal radiation experiment-quantum theory (microscopic world);
At the turn of the 9th and 20th centuries, there were three major discoveries in physics: the discovery of X-rays, the discovery of electrons and the discovery of radioactivity.
In 5 1 and 1905, Einstein put forward the special theory of relativity, which has two basic principles:
(1) principle of relativity-in different inertial reference systems, all physical laws are the same;
(2) The principle that the speed of light is constant-in different inertial reference systems, the speed of light in vacuum must be constant.
52. 1900, the German physicist Planck explained the law of thermal radiation of objects and put forward the energy quantum hypothesis: when a substance emits or absorbs energy, the energy is not continuous, but a copy, and each copy is the smallest energy unit, that is, the energy quantum;
53, laser-known as the "light of the century" in the 20th century;
Eight, wave-particle duality (3-5 optional):
54. 1900, the German physicist Planck proposed that the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves were not continuous, but one after another, which brought physics into the quantum world. Inspired by it, Einstein put forward the photon theory in 1905 and successfully explained the law of photoelectric effect, so he won the Nobel Prize in physics.
55, 1922, American physicist Compton confirmed the particle nature of light when he studied the scattering of X-rays by electrons in the graphite-Compton effect. (Explain that the law of conservation of momentum and the law of conservation of energy are applicable to microscopic particles at the same time)
56. In 19 13, Danish physicist Bohr put forward his own atomic structure hypothesis, which successfully explained and predicted the electromagnetic radiation spectrum of hydrogen atoms, laying the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics.
57, 1924, French physicist de Broglie boldly predicted that physical particles would fluctuate under certain conditions;
58 1927 Physicists in the United States and Britain have obtained the diffraction patterns of electron beams on metal crystals. Compared with optical microscope, electron microscope is much less affected by diffraction phenomenon, which greatly improves the resolution, and proton microscope has higher resolution instinct.
X atomic physics (3-5 courses are optional):
59, 1858, German scientist Prica discovered a wonderful ray-cathode ray (high-speed electron flow).
60, 1906, British physicist Thomson discovered electrons and won the Nobel Prize in physics.
In 6 1, 19 13, American physicist Millikan accurately measured the charge of simple charge e through oil drop experiment and won the Nobel Prize.
62. 1897, Thomson discovered electrons with a cathode ray tube, indicating that atoms can be split and have complex internal structures, and put forward a jujube cake model of atoms.
In 19631909-1911year, British physicist Rutherford and his assistant conducted the scattering experiment of α particles and put forward the nuclear structure model of atoms. According to the experimental results, the nuclear diameter is estimated to be 10-15m.
In 19 19, Rutherford bombarded the nitrogen nucleus with α particles, which realized the artificial disintegration of the nucleus for the first time and discovered protons. It is predicted that there is another kind of particle in the nucleus, which was discovered by chadwick, a student, when the α particle bombarded the beryllium nucleus in 1932, from which people realized that the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons.
64. 1885 Balmer, a math teacher in a Swiss middle school, summed up the wavelength law of the spectrum of hydrogen atoms-Balmer system.
In 65, 19 13, Danish physicist Bohr first obtained the expression of hydrogen atomic energy level;
66, 1896, French physicist becquerel discovered the phenomenon of natural radiation, indicating that the nucleus has a complex internal structure.
Natural radiation phenomenon: there are two kinds of decay (α, β) and three kinds of rays (α, β, γ), among which γ ray is radiated when the new nucleus is in the excited state and jumps to the low energy level after decay. The decay rate has nothing to do with the physical and chemical state of atoms.
67, 1896 At the suggestion of becquerel, Marie Curie discovered two new elements with stronger Radioactivity-Polonium (po) radium (ra).
68, 19 19, Rutherford bombarded the nitrogen nucleus with alpha particles, which realized the artificial disintegration of the nucleus for the first time and discovered protons.
It is predicted that there is another particle in the nucleus-neutron.
69, 1932, chadwick, a student of Rutherford, won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering neutrons when alpha particles bombarded beryllium nuclei.
In 70, 1934, when Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie bombarded aluminum foil with alpha particles, they discovered positrons and artificial radioisotopes.
7 1,1939,65438+In February, when German physicist Hahn and his assistant Strassman bombarded the uranium nucleus with neutrons, the uranium nucleus split. 63, 1942 under the leadership of Fermi, szilard and others, the United States built the first fission reactor (consisting of enriched uranium rods, control rods, moderator, cement protective layer, etc. ).
72. 1952, the United States exploded the world's first hydrogen bomb (fusion reaction, thermonuclear reaction). One possible way to artificially control nuclear fusion is to irradiate small nuclear fuel with high voltage generated by intense laser.
1932 discovered positrons, and 1964 proposed quark model;
Particles are divided into three categories: mediators-particles that transmit various interactions, such as photons;
Lepton-particles that do not participate in strong interactions, such as electrons and neutrinos;
Hadron-particles that participate in strong interactions, such as baryons (protons, neutrons, hyperons) and mesons. Hadron is composed of more elementary particles quarks, and the charge of quarks may be meta-charge.
Special topics in the history of physics
★ Galileo (Italian physicist)
Contribution to physics:
① Discover the isochronism of pendulum.
(2) The motion of an object during falling has nothing to do with its mass.
(3) Galileo's ideal inclined plane experiment: the method of combining experiment with logical reasoning to explore scientific truth opens a new page for the study of physics (finding that objects have inertia also shows that force is the reason to change the motion state of objects, not to make them move).
Classic topic
Galileo proved through experiments that force is the cause (error) of moving objects.
Galileo believed that force was the reason for maintaining the motion of objects (wrong)
Galileo first harmoniously combined physical experiment facts with logical reasoning (including mathematical reasoning) (right).
Galileo deduced from the ideal experiment that if there is no friction, once the object on the horizontal plane has a certain speed, it will keep this speed and continue to move (right).
★ Hook (British physicist)
Contribution to Physics: Hooke's Law
Classic topic
Hooke thinks that only under certain conditions, the elastic force of the spring is directly proportional to the deformation of the spring (right)
★ Newton (British physicist)
Contribution to physics
Based on the research of Galileo, Descartes, Kepler and Huygens, Newton summed up a set of universally applicable laws of mechanical motion-Newton's law of motion and the law of universal gravitation, and established a complete classical mechanical system (also known as Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics). Physics has since become a mature natural science.
② The establishment of classical mechanics marks the birth of modern natural science.
Classic topic
Newton discovered gravity and summarized its law. Cavendish's gravitational constant is measured by experiments (right).
Newton believed that the real function of force is always to change the speed of an object, not just to make it move (right).
Newton's law of universal gravitation laid the foundation of celestial mechanics (right)
★ cavendish
Contribution: The gravitational constant is measured.
Typical topic
Newton first measured the gravitational constant (error) through experiments.
Cavendish skillfully used the torsion balance device to measure the value of gravitational constant in the laboratory for the first time (right).
★ Aristotle (ancient Greece)
Viewpoint:
(1) Heavy objects fall faster than light ones.
② Force is the reason for maintaining the motion of objects.
Classic topic
Aristotle believes that the natural state of an object is static and only moves under the action of a force (right).
★ Kepler (German astronomer)
The contribution of Kepler's three laws to physics
Classic topic
Kepler discovered the law of gravity and the law of planetary motion (wrong)
Ptolemy (ancient Greek scientist)
Viewpoint: Developed and perfected the geocentric theory.
Copernicus (Polish astronomer)' s point of view: Heliocentrism
Tycho's contribution: measuring the motion of celestial bodies
William? Herschel (British astronomer)
Contribution: Uranus, the seventh planet in the solar system, was discovered with a telescope.
Tang Bao (American astronomer)
Contribution: Pluto, the ninth largest planet in the solar system, was discovered by the method of "calculation, prediction, observation and photography"
Thales (ancient Greece)
Contribution: It is found that amber rubbing fur can attract light and small objects, such as feathers and hair.
★ Coulomb (French physicist)
Contribution: The discovery of Coulomb's Law-indicates that the study of electricity has moved from qualitative to quantitative.
Typical topic
Coulomb summed up and confirmed the interaction between two stationary points (pairs) in vacuum.
Coulomb discovered the magnetic effect (fault) of current.
Franklin (American physicist)
Contribution:
(1) systematically sorted out the electrical knowledge at that time (such as the generation, transmission, induction and storage of electricity).
(2) Unified sky electricity and ground electricity.
Millikan's Contribution: Millikan Oil Drop Experiment —— Determination of Meta-charge
Anders (Dutch physicist) discovered superconductivity.
Ohm: Contribution: Ohm's Law (partial circuit, closed circuit)
★ Oster (Danish physicist)
Magnetic effect of current (current can produce magnetic field)
Classic topic
Oster first discovered that there was a magnetic field around the current (pair)
Faraday discovered the magnetic effect (error) of current according to the deflection of the small magnetic needle around the electrified wire.
★ Faraday
Contribution:
① The electric field is represented by electric field lines.
② Electromagnetic induction was found.
③ Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction (e = n △φ/△ t) was discovered.
Classic topic
Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current and Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction phenomenon (right).
Faraday discovers the conditions and laws of current generated by magnetic field (right)
Oster's research on electromagnetic induction has brought mankind into the era of electrification (mistake)
Faraday discovered the method and law of magnetic energy power generation (right)
★ Ampere (French physicist)
① The magnetic field can produce an acting force (ampere force) on the current, and the law followed by this acting force is summarized.
② Ampere molecular current hypothesis
Classic topic
Ampere first discovered that the magnetic field can act on the current (right).
Ampere put forward the formula (error) of magnetic field acting on moving charge.
Dirac (British physicist)
Contribution: It is predicted that the magnetic monopole must exist (not found so far).
★ Lorenz (Dutch physicist)
Contribution: 1895 published the force formula of magnetic field on moving charge (Lorentz force).
Aston
Contribution:
① Discovery of mass spectrometer ② Discovery of isotopes of non-radioactive elements
Lawrence (USA) discovered cyclotron
★ Lengci discovered Lenz's law (judging the direction of induced current).
★ Thomson (British physicist)
Contribution:
(1) discovered electrons (revealing that atoms have complex structures)
② The atomic jujube cake model was established.
Classic topic
Thomson discovered electrons (pairs) by studying cathode rays.
★ Rutherford (British physicist)
Instruct the assistant to carry out the scattering experiment of alpha particles (remember the experimental phenomenon)
Put forward the nuclear structure of atoms (remember the content)
Discover protons
Classic topic
Thomson put forward the theory of atomic nuclear structure, and Rutherford later verified this theory with particle scattering experiments (wrong)
Rutherford's nuclear structure theory successfully explained the luminescence phenomenon (error) of hydrogen atoms.
Rutherford's particle scattering experiment can estimate the size of the nucleus (right).
Rutherford revealed the composition of the nucleus (pair) by studying the scattering experiment of α particles.
★ Bohr (Danish physicist)
Contribution: Bohr atom model (which explains the spectrum of hydrogen atom well)
Classic topic
Bohr applied Planck's quantum theory to the atomic system and successfully explained the spectral law of hydrogen atoms (right).
Bohr's theory is based on the experimental analysis of particle scattering (wrong)
The limitation of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atomic energy level lies in retaining too many classical physical theories (pairs).
★ becquerel (French physicist)
Discover the phenomenon of natural radiation (revealing that the nucleus has a complex structure)
Classic topic
Natural radioactivity was first discovered in becquerel (right)
Becquerel discovered the nuclear structure (dislocation) of atoms by studying the phenomenon of natural radiation.
★ Roentgen contribution: Roentgen rays (X-rays) were discovered.
★ chadwick's contribution: the discovery of neutrons.
★ Iori Yagami? Curie and liv? The curies
① Radioisotopes were discovered.
② Positron was found.
Classic topic
When the Curies bombarded aluminum foil with alpha particles, they found electrons (faults).
Iori Yagami? When the Curies bombarded aluminum foil with alpha particles, they found positrons (pairs).
★ Planck's Contribution: Quantum Theory
★ Einstein
Contribution:
① Photonic theory is used to explain photoelectric effect.
② Relativity theory
Classic topic
Einstein put forward quantum theory and Planck put forward photon theory (wrong)
Einstein explained the photoelectric effect well with photon theory (right)
Einstein discovered the phenomenon of photoelectric effect, and Planck put forward photon theory (error) in order to explain the law of photoelectric effect.
Einstein founded the world-famous theory of relativity, which laid a theoretical foundation for human beings to use nuclear energy; Planck put forward the photon theory, which profoundly revealed the discontinuous phenomenon (error) in the microscopic world.
★ Maxwell
Contribution:
① A complete electromagnetic theory is established.
(2) Predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, thinking that light is electromagnetic waves (Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments).
Classic topic
Planck established a complete electromagnetic theory (pair) on the basis of previous studies on electromagnetic induction.
Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in theory, and Hertz confirmed this by experimental methods (right).
Maxwell confirmed the existence (error) of electromagnetic waves through experiments.
Attached to the History of Physics in Senior High School (Old Education Edition)
1, 1638, Italian physicist Galileo
(1) proves that heavy objects will not fall faster than light objects;
(2) Galileo's first Newton's law was obtained through the ideal experiment of inclined plane and Newton's logical reasoning; Galileo obtained that the displacement of a free falling body is proportional to the square of time through the inclined plane experiment.
(3) Galileo discovered that the pendulum is isochronous (the period is only related to the length of the pendulum), and Huygens made the first pendulum clock in history according to this principle.
2. British scientist Newton
1683 put forward three laws of motion.
1687, publishing the law of universal gravitation; 1798, Cavendish, a British physicist, accurately measured the gravitational constant with a torsion balance device.
3,17th century, Galileo's ideal experimental method pointed out that:
If there is no friction, an object moving on a horizontal plane will keep moving at this speed;
Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity
Classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects.
5,17th century German astronomer Kepler
Put forward Kepler's three laws;
6, 1785 French physicist Coulomb
Coulomb's law of interaction between charges was discovered by torsion balance experiment.
Franklin 7, 1752
(1) The kite experiment proved that lightning is a form of electricity, which unified the sky electricity and the earth electricity and invented the lightning rod.
(2) Naming positive and negative charges
(3) 175 1 year, Franklin found that the discharge of Leiden bottle can magnetize the sewing needle.
8. 1826 German physicist Ohm (1787- 1854)
Ohm's law is obtained through experiments.
9. 19 1 1 year Dutch scientist anis.
When the temperature of most metals drops to a certain value, the resistance will suddenly drop to zero-superconductivity.
10, 184 1 ~ 1842 joules and cooling times.
They independently discovered the law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor, which is called Joule-Lenz law.
1 1, 1820 Danish physicist Oster.
The effect that current can deflect the surrounding magnetic needles is called current magnetic effect.
12, Dutch physicist Lorenz
It is pointed out that the moving charge produces a magnetic field, and the magnetic field has a force (Lorentz force) on the moving charge.
13, 183 1 year British physicist Faraday.
(1) discovered the condition and law of current generated by magnetic field-electromagnetic induction phenomenon;
(2) It is proposed that there is an electric field around the charge, and the electric field-electric field line is described concisely.
14, 1834, cold time
The law of determining the direction of induced current.
Henry, 15, 1832
Discover the phenomenon of self-induction.
British physicist Maxwell
The existence of electromagnetic wave is predicted, and it is pointed out that light is electromagnetic wave, which lays the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light.
German physicist Hertz
The existence of electromagnetic waves is confirmed by experiments, and the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is determined to be equal to the speed of light.
18, 468 BC to 376 BC, Mo Zhai, China.
The Mohist Scripture records the phenomena of straight-line propagation of light, shadow formation, light reflection, imaging of plane mirror and spherical mirror, and is the earliest optical work in the world.
19, 162 1 year Dutch mathematician sneers
The law between incident angle and refraction angle-refraction law.
20. There are two theories about the nature of light:
One is Newton's particle theory: light is a material particle emitted by a light source;
One is the wave theory put forward by Huygens, a Dutch physicist: light is a wave propagating in space.
2 1, 180 1 year, British physicist Thomas? white poplar
The interference of light was observed.
22, 18 18, French scientist Poisson.
The circular plate diffraction of light-Poisson bright spot was observed.
23, 1895, German physicist Roentgen.
X-rays (roentgen rays) were discovered.
24, 1900, German physicist Planck.
Explain the law of thermal radiation of objects, and put forward that the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves are not continuous, but one after another, bringing physics into the quantum world.
25, 1905 Einstein
The photon theory is put forward and the law of photoelectric effect is successfully explained.
26, 19 13, Danish physicist Bohr.
The hypothesis of atomic structure is put forward, and the radiation electromagnetic spectrum of hydrogen atom is successfully explained and predicted.
27, 1924, French physicist de Broglie.
Predicted the fluctuation of physical particles;
28, 1897, Thomson
The discovery of electrons by cathode ray tube shows that atoms can be separated and have complex internal structure, and a jujube cake model of atoms is proposed.
1909-1911year, British physicist Rutherford.
The scattering experiment of α particles is carried out, and the nuclear structure model of atoms is put forward. According to the experimental results, the nuclear diameter is estimated to be10-15 m.
30, 1896, French physicist becquerel.
The discovery of natural radiation shows that the nucleus also has a complex internal structure.
Rutherford, 3 1, 19 19
The nitrogen nucleus was bombarded with alpha particles, and the artificial transformation of the nucleus was realized for the first time, and protons were found.
32, 1932 chadwick
Neutrons were found when α particles bombarded beryllium nuclei, from which people realized the composition of the nuclei.
1932 discovered positrons, and 1964 proposed quark model;
Particles are divided into three categories:
Mediator, particles that transmit photons and other interactions;
Leptons, particles that do not participate in strong interactions, such as electrons and neutrinos;
Hadron, particles that participate in strong interactions, such as protons and neutrons; Hadron is composed of more basic particle quarks, and the charge of quarks may be or yuan charge.
34. milligan
Measure the charge of an electron
35. Watt successfully developed a two-way steam engine with connecting rod, flywheel and centrifugal governor in 1782.
People's understanding of celestial bodies ranges from geocentric Ptolemy to Heliocentrism Copernicus to Kepler's law to Newton's law of universal gravitation. It was not until 1798 that the British physicist Cavendish accurately measured the gravitational constant by using the torsion balance device, and the law of universal gravitation showed great power.