The origin of Nanzhao
At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, there were many tribes of Wu and Bai Man around Erhai Lake in Dali, Yunnan, and in the northern areas of Ailao Mountain and Wuliang Mountain. From 649 to 902 AD, the Uman and the White Man in the southwest of China jointly established the frontier ethnic regime of slavery. It is generally believed that Wuman is the ancestor of Yi people today. Among them, there are six most powerful Wuman tribes, which are called "Six Imperial edicts" in history ("Imperial edicts" means kings), namely Mengshe, Menglang, Langqiong, Luodeng, Shi Lang and Yueyan; Or "Eight Letters", plus the letters Shihe and Shiqiao (written in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty at that time and studied in Yichuan and Luoshi). The imperial edict of Mengshe is located in the south of each imperial edict, so it is also called Nanzhao. In 649, Xi Nuluo, the leader of Zhao She, established "Great Mongolia", calling himself "King of the Family". His minister was from the Tang Dynasty and sent envoys to pay tribute. When Wu Zetian was in power, his son Luo Sheng personally entered the DPRK. The imperial edict of Dream Society originally lived in Dream Society (now northwest of Weishan, Yunnan). By the time of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Luo Sheng's grandson had unified six imperial edicts and moved the capital to Taihe City (now Nantaihe Village, Dali, Yunnan). In 779, he moved to Baba City, Yang Yang (now Dali, Yunnan). In 738, Tang Ci named Pi Luoge as Meng Guiyi and the king of Yunnan. With Erhai Lake as the center, Pirog and his son Luo Feng developed their power, wiped out cuan clan in central, eastern and southern Yunnan to the east, and included Xunchuan, Puzi, Wangmaozi and other ethnic areas in the west of Lancang River to the southwest. Nanzhao has played a positive role in the development of China's production and the economic and cultural ties between this region and Central and South Asia and the Central Plains.
The unification of the six imperial edicts of Nanzhao was originally promoted by the Tang Dynasty. After reunification, Nanzhao expanded outward. In the Tang Dynasty, Yaozhou (now Taoanbei, Yunnan) and Jian 'an Ningcheng (now Yunnan) were established, which developed their influence in various parts of Yunnan today and conflicted with Nanzhao. During the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty began to restrain the expansion of Nanzhao. However, Jian Nan's envoy was rarely in Zhongtong, and Yunnan's satrap Zhang Qiantuo further intensified the contradiction between the two sides. In 750, Ge Luofeng sent troops to capture Yaozhou, killed Qian Tuo, and then attached Tubo to the Tang Dynasty. In 752, Tubo named it "Zanpuzhong", which means the brother of the Tubo king, and sealed it as the golden seal, the so-called "East Emperor". At that time, Yang was conquering and mobilized hundreds of soldiers from all over the country, but he was defeated by Nanzhao. Later, after the Anshi Rebellion, Tubo moved eastward, and the Tang Dynasty was unable to cope with the southwest. Nanzhao took the opportunity to expand its territory and took control of the south of Dadu River in Sichuan, including southwest Sichuan, the whole of Yunnan and the vast area in northwest Guizhou. Nanzhao was the most powerful when Ge Luofeng's grandson found another place. He attacked Jiannan Xichuan with 200,000 troops and Tubo. Tubo took Nanzhao as a vassal state, and sent troops to it to pay taxes, and also sent troops to its territory, which Wang Yimou of Nanzhao could not find. In 787, Wei Gao, Tang Jian's envoy to Nanzhao, continued to fight for Nanzhao. In 789, Tubo and Uighur fought for the Northern Dynasty and surrendered Nanzhao army, which caused Nanzhao's dissatisfaction. In 794, Nanzhao finally broke away from Tubo, resumed its alliance with Tang, and defeated Tubo with Tang. Yi Mouxun accepted the title of "Nanzhao King" of Tang. However, due to the needs of the development of slavery economy, Nanzhao still waged wars on the surrounding areas from time to time to plunder the population and serve as slaves. In 829, Nanzhao captured Chengdu and plundered tens of thousands of craftsmen's children. In the mid-9th century, the Tubo regime collapsed, and the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was also very weak. Nanzhao had no worries about the northwest and invaded the Tang territory more frequently, which became the most serious border disaster in the late Tang Dynasty.
Nanzhao's political system was deeply influenced by the Central Plains. In the early days, there were six official systems: soldier Cao, household Cao, guest Cao, fa Cao, scholar Cao and Cang Cao, which basically followed the local official system in the Tang Dynasty. Later, Cao Liu was changed to three branches and nine coolings. The three branches are: begging, the main horse; Luto, the main cow; Giant support, main warehouse. Nine pairs are: the curtain is cool, the main soldier; Shuang Shuang, the main household registration; Kindness, the main ceremony; Punishment is cool, the main punishment; Advise the chief officer to double; Jue Shuang, the main work; Wan Shuang, the main financial use; Refreshing, host and guest; He Shuang, the main business. It is commensurate with the fairness of officials and determines the importance of state affairs. The local military and political system has six ambassadors, two supervisors and six eyelids. The "eyelid" is like the "country" in the Tang Dynasty.
Nanzhao's cultural and educational system also imitates the Central Plains. Nanzhao sent many children of the royal family to study in Chengdu and Chang 'an. Feng Jiayi, Yi Mouxun, and Yi Mengcuo (seeking advice from the cabinet) studied under Zheng Hui, the satrap of Lu Xian County captured by Tangxi, and later served as the official of Qingping. Many Nanzhao people have a deep knowledge of Chinese and are good at poetry and fu. Wang Longshun of Nanzhao and Yang Qikun, an official of Qingping, all wrote well-known poems and were included in the whole Tang poetry. Nanzhao also absorbed many industrial and agricultural production technologies from Korea. Captured Chengdu craftsmen taught textile skills in Nanzhao. "Naturally Nanzhao workers are smart (equal to) in Shu." Buddhism prevailed when Nanzhao King advised Long Sheng. Mongols not only advocate Buddhism, but also believe in the Three Treasures. Feng Youmu also became a monk, whose legal name was Huihai. Dali Chongsheng Temple and Three Pagodas were built in Nanzhao and still stand at the foot of Cangshan Mountain.
In the late Nanzhao period, due to frequent wars, heavy taxes, depressed production and intensified contradictions. In 897, Wang Longshun of Nanzhao was killed by Deng Yang, a minister. He only knew hunting and drinking, and he didn't care about state affairs. In 902, the powerful minister Zheng Maisi (the seventh grandson) took advantage of the boiling public grievances to kill Wang Shunhua of Nanzhao, seize the throne, set up another political power, and Nanzhao died. It has been 254 years since the reign of Chanulo in 649, and it has experienced thirteen masters.
The rise of Dali kingdom
Dali is a national regime with Bai nationality as the main body established in Yunnan in Song Dynasty. Two years later, in Tang Zhaozong (902), Zheng Maisi, an aristocrat of Nanzhao, destroyed Montessori's independence and changed his country name to "Great River". In 928, in the third year of the late Tang and Ming Dynasties, Yang Gan really destroyed the Zheng family, established Zhao Shanzheng, and changed the country name to "Datianxing". The Star Kingdom only existed for ten months. Yang Ganzhen abolished Zhao Zili and changed his title to "Dayining". Yang Ganzhen is "insatiable, suffering at home and abroad". In the second year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty (937), Duan Siping, with the slogan of "reducing taxes and half grain, delaying corvee for three years", joined forces with 37 resistance forces in eastern Yunnan to expel Yang Ganzhen and become king on his own, and changed his name to "Dali", that is, Duan Dali. Duan's victory lies in his policy of "reducing grain and lenient corvee" and the reform of "loosening and eliminating heavy taxes", which has been widely supported by the people.
When Duan Siping passed it to Duan Lianyi on the 12th, the powerful minister Yang killed Lianyi and stood on his own feet in Yuanfeng for three years (1080). Four months later, Gao Zhilian, a warrior in Kunming, ordered his son Gao Shengtai to get up and kill Yang, and made Duan Shouhui, the nephew of Duan Lianyi, king. Shouhui passed it very clearly. In the first year of Shaosheng (1094), Song Zhezong promoted Thailand to abolish righteousness, became king on his own, and changed his name to "Greater China". Shengtai died in the second year of his reign. His son succeeded to the throne according to his will, and his brother, the Duan family, was re-established, which was called "the post-governing country" in history. In the post-Li period, Gao Shi was the prime minister, known as "Duke China" and held real power.
Dali administrative region is equivalent to Nanzhao. According to the geographical records in Yuan History, "Hengshan Mountain on Pu 'an Road (now Pu 'an, Guizhou) is in the east, Jiangtou City in Myanmar (now the border sand in Myanmar) is in the west", Lucang River on Lin 'an Road is in the south (now Heihe River in the north of Laizhou, Vietnam), and Dadu River is in the north. "In the early period of Dali, the capital city (Dali area), two governors (Huichuan and Tonghai) and six festivals (Dongnong, Yinsheng, Yongchang, Lishui, Tuodong and Jianchuan) were set up in this vast area. Two governors are sometimes called frugality, so there are eight governors in all, so they are called "Yunnan Eight Countries". In the later period of Dali, there were eight states, four counties and four towns. Fu Ba is good at fighting (now Kunming), Wei Chu (now Chuxiong), Yi Tong is Dongnong (now Yao 'an), Huichuan (now Huili), Jianchang (now Xichang), Tengyue (now Tengchong), Moutong (now Heqing) and Yongchang (now Baoshan). The four counties are Dongchuan (now Huize), Shicheng (now Qujing), Heyang (now Chengjiang) and Xiushan (now Tonghai); The four towns are Ji Cheng Town in the northwest (now Yongsheng), Menghe Town in the southwest (now Weishan), Zhenxi Town in the west (now Yingjiang) and Ningning Town in the east (now Kaiyuan). When he was in charge of the country, he was enfeoffed by Gao's descendants and was stationed hereditary. The rulers of the four counties all have Gao and his surname.
The political system of Dali is basically the same as Nanzhao. Wang said that he was a wonderful book, with officials in Qingping, Tan Chuo, cloth shoes, Jiu Zan and Yan Zan. Among them, Yanzan was added by Dali. There is "nine coolness" under the qingping official.
Dali's social economy has developed greatly compared with Nanzhao. "Gui Yu Hai Zhi Heng" said: "Dali has a vast territory, a large population and excellent equipment". Emei Jinshi Zuo Yang go to dali bought horses. When passing Yaozhou, he saw that the local agricultural production was almost the same as that of Zizhong and Rongxian in Sichuan. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Songnian went to Dali and saw that "the right of irrigation is in the wild of Yunnan" in Qinghu (now Xiangyun) in Yunnan. Residents in Baiya (now called Duhongya) area gather, and grass and hemp cover the wild. There is Shenzhuang River in Zhao Chuandian (Dali Fengyi), which irrigates thousands of hectares of land, making the people rich and less suffering from drought. Animal husbandry is also quite developed, Dali produces horses, and thousands of horses are sold to Guangxi through Guizhou every year. The handicraft industry is very prosperous, and the armor made of elephant skin is exquisite in shape and as hard as iron; Felt products, painted utensils, whip saddles and so on are quite famous. The level of iron smelting industry is very high, and Yunnan knives are cherished by people of all ethnic groups in the south. The copper smelting technology is skilled and exquisite. Today, the bronze Buddha statues in Dali show the grandeur and superb plastic arts of copper smelting.
The development of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts has promoted the development and prosperity of commerce. The foreign trade of Dali is quite developed. Traffic extends in all directions, "east to Rongzhou (now Yibin, Sichuan), west to Poisonous Country (India), southeast to Jiaotoe (now northern Vietnam), northeast to Chengdu, north to Daxue Mountain and south to the sea". There are two ways to trade with the Central Plains: Sichuan and Yongning (now Nanning, Guangxi). The mutual market in Hengshanzhai (now Tiandong, Guangxi) is the most prosperous. At that time, the commodities that Dali merchants exported to the mainland included horses, sheep, chickens and other livestock and poultry, handicrafts such as knives, felts, nails, saddles and lacquerware, and drugs such as musk and bezoar. China's books, silk, porcelain, Daphne, licorice and other medicinal materials and handicrafts are all imported from the mainland. The introduction of advanced science and culture from the mainland into Yunnan has promoted the people of all ethnic groups. Dali has trade with Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaya, India, Persia and other countries. With the development of commerce, cities such as Dali, Shantou, Wei Chu and Yongchang have emerged. Good interpretation has become a hub for close contact with the motherland and foreign countries. After the Yuan Dynasty unified Yunnan and built the provincial capital, it became the provincial capital.
The royal family in Dali considers themselves descendants of the Han people and vigorously promotes the Han culture. Under the influence of Chinese culture, Bo (Bai) writing came into being. Bai Wen wrote White in Chinese characters and read Bai Yin. Nanzhao was used for writing, but it was widely used in Dali period. At this time, historical works such as "White History" and "National History" written in vernacular Chinese and literary works such as poems, songs and legends came into being. The rhyme-changing style of Bai Wen's poems is very famous. Its structure is ten couplets in each chapter, two paragraphs in each couplet, four sentences in each paragraph, seven words in the first three sentences, five words in the last sentence, and the last word in each paragraph rhymes.
The Da Li Tu (also known as Wen Tu) made by Da Li painter Wen in the seventh year (1 180) is of great artistic value. "The image in the volume is solemn, rich and golden, and wonderful" (Postscript of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty). "The brushwork is exquisite and vivid, resplendent and dazzling, and it is also a treasure of the South China." Today, the stone building in Kunming Ancient Architecture Park is the only stone carving left in Dali. His "architectural theory" is a valuable material for studying the history of Dali. There are more than 200 statues of gods and buddhas here, the largest of which is more than one meter high, and the smallest is only a dozen centimeters. Their facial expressions are different, their expressions are serious but not rigid, their clothes are meticulous and realistic, their proportions are well-proportioned, their shapes are beautiful, their knife marks are vigorous and their preparations are exquisite, which makes them the best in central Yunnan. In addition, murals and woodcut art also have high artistic value.
Buddhism was introduced into Yunnan in Nanzhao and prevailed in Dali. Dali rulers are good at Buddhism, which has a far-reaching influence on the spread of Buddhism in Yunnan. Duan Siping builds temples and casts thousands of buddhas. According to Nanzhao unofficial history, in the twenty-two Biographies of Dali, eight people have become monks, which is rare in the history of China. Confucian dogma and Buddhist morality are almost integrated. Confucian scholars all worship Buddha, and Buddhist teachers and monks also read Confucian books. There is a so-called "interpretation of Confucianism" (also known as "Confucian interpretation"), and all teachers and monks are officials. Monks also gained political status through imperial examinations. Although its regime and religion can't be said to be completely integrated, the boundaries have almost disappeared.
Over the past 300 years in Dali, the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan have been in constant economic and cultural contact with the mainland. In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Quanbin Pingshu celebrated with Dali Papilio. Zhao pleaded with Wan (Wang), the leader of Dali, and named him "the king of eight capitals of Yunnan". In 982, the seventh year of Taiping and Xingguo, Song Taizong Zhaolifu "built a big ship on the Dadu River to help the southwest pay tribute". In the seventh year of Zheng He (117), Song Huizong Evonne gave Duan and in the second year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong (1 132), a market racecourse was set up in Yongzhou (now Nanning, Guangxi), and the transaction was very prosperous. In the ninth year of Song Xiaozong trunk road (1 173), Li Guanyin, a Dali native, had to wait until Yongzhou to discuss horse trading and exchange a large number of Chinese books. They attached a poem to the document to the local government, saying, "The pronunciation and pronunciation don't match, and there are many places thousands of miles away." It expresses the feeling that all ethnic groups in Dali are close to the mainland people.
Guo Songnian's Travels in Dali at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Song Xing, which has great enemies in the north, has no time to travel far, and contacts with envoys, leading to China. Therefore, although its palaces, rooms, buildings, scenery, language, number of books, even the ceremony of weddings, funerals and coronations, and the method of fighting are not perfect, its scale, costumes, movements and clouds are slightly based on the Han Dynasty. " From this point of view, there is still a legacy of the old country. This general statement concisely and accurately illustrates the close relationship between Dali, the southwest frontier, and the mainland of China.
In the third year of Emperor Xianzong of Mongolia (1253), Kublai Khan conquered Dali, Yunnan. A descendant of Duan, the leader of Dali, was appointed hereditary.
Manager. Most former Dali officials were appointed as Yunnan Tusi.