Then, Nietzsche explained his "reconciliation". He used the word "Erloesung", while in German philosophy, in Hegel's philosophy, "Versoehnung" is usually used. The word "Versoehnung" was also used by Nietzsche in his writing, but the title and main analysis are "Erloesung". I know that the word "Erloesung" has two meanings. On the one hand, it means "harmony" and "unity", on the other hand, it also means "release" and "untie", so the translation of this article into Chinese is "reconciliation" "Harmony" is related to "solution". If you untie it, you will be "harmonious".
"Solution" also means "liberation", that is, "liberation" from something. What can be "freed" from all bondage is "will", which is the teaching from Kant to Schopenhauer, and "will" is "freedom".
What do you mean by "free from all bondage"? The so-called "everything" is the "fait accompli" of "everything", that is, the past. The past has always bound the will, and now the will has awakened. In order to get rid of all these fetters, I said "I do!" " ! (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, p. 180. ) I thought it was really "free". Nietzsche criticized this kind of person as "Narr" and said, "All imprisoned people have become fools! What is foolishly released (freed) is still the will to be imprisoned. " (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, p. 180. ) Nietzsche explained that time can't go back, just like a stone that has been rolled, it can't be rolled any more. Will should be freed from time. The "past" that has been helpless for it is full of resentment, and it is a "malicious observer". The released will is a "spirit of revenge" (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, 180. ); This kind of revenge is bound to be "punished" by "time", so all "Leid" on the earth is the "deserved" punishment of this revenge spirit. Nietzsche pointed out that this is "Guterres Gervaison with the nature of lies" (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, p. 180. )。
Nietzsche pointed out that it is a complete lie to "dissolve" all human sufferings into a kind of "punishment", which is the key to understanding Nietzsche's thought of "eternal reincarnation", and this should attract everyone's attention.
According to this lie, life is full of pain, and it is a process of accepting punishment and trying to make amends. I believe that one day, people will be "cleansed" of their sins and "saved".
At this time, Nietzsche designed a "Wahnsinn" and ran out and said, "If there is eternal justice, will there be reconciliation? Ah, the stone has stopped rolling,' it has passed': punishment must be eternal! " (Note: The Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, Page 65438 +08 1. )。 This is "crazy", but it is "real".
Here, Nietzsche tried to warn the world not to believe such lies as "crime and punishment" and "redemption-reconciliation", not to dream of "getting rid of time" and not to think of "freedom". There is no justice, no reconciliation and no reconciliation in "eternity". Here, we should remember the critical object that Nietzsche should "break" when he said "eternal reincarnation".
The first thing Nietzsche criticized was Christian theology, and the "sin" and "punishment" here were the truths preached by Christianity. However, on this issue, Nietzsche's spearhead is not only Christianity, but the whole European philosophical tradition from Plato to Hegel. Nietzsche's theory of "eternal reincarnation" is a criticism of the whole European philosophical tradition. Philosophy "solved" religious problems and greatly enriched itself. Although ancient Greek philosophy still retains its enduring wisdom charm, we should also see the deepening and advancement of this issue by modern European philosophy.
In the process of reviewing the history of modern philosophy, people gradually find that the reason why philosophy can-has the ability to "solve" religious problems lies in that they have some common basic points in theory and understanding of the world. Nietzsche, an outstanding philosopher, clearly revealed this basic view.
We already know that Nietzsche hates the Christian concepts of "sin" and "punishment", "earthly" and "heaven". However, at a deeper level, philosophy might as well!
Philosophy began in ancient Greece, especially through Socrates and Berberto's Theory of Ideas, which taught people to think with a "transcendental" attitude. The world we "see" is a changeable and fleeting perceptual world, and only transcendental "ideas" are the real, unchanging and eternal world. According to Plato, the world of feeling is just a "replica" of the world of ideas. The "ideal world" is the "foundation" and the "perceptual world" is the "destination". The relationship between them cost Plato a lot of effort, but it also has a very deep content, but its basic point is nothing more than that.
What does this basic point of European philosophy mean, if you can say so? It means that we will always hold a "negative" attitude towards this "perceptual world", and only "ideas" will be "affirmed"; Only by denying this perceptual world of "should" and "negation" can we enter the world of "concept" of "affirmation". This is the nihilistic tradition of European philosophy criticized by Nietzsche: life in the perceptual world is a life that should be denied, so it should also be condemned and cursed. We can see this attitude most clearly in Plato's Fedo. There, Socrates' preaching about "the immortality of the soul" has been deeply rooted in the hearts of Europeans for thousands of years. Nietzsche must speak out if he wants to get rid of a thousand-year-old habit.
After Nietzsche pointed out that "eternity" can't be "justice", he further elaborated this meaning in the chapter "Rehabilitation". He said, "Everything dies, and everything comes back; Seins' gear (Rad) always turns (ewig). Everything is stillborn, everything is resurrected, and the years of existence often flow. " (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, p. 272. Then he said: "Everything is divided and combined; Existentialists always build the same house (EWIG); Ewig is in the ring of existence. " (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, p. 273. )
The "reincarnation" here is aimed at "transcendence" and its meaning is very clear. Don't pin your hopes on eternity. In the process of "eternity", it is still the same experience of life and death, and "eternity" cannot guarantee "salvation" and "transcendence"
Therefore, Nietzsche's "eternal reincarnation" not only refers to "eternal life", but also refers to "eternal death", "forever (forever) living" and "forever (forever) dying". Everything in the world, including people, can never "surpass" this "reincarnation" of "life". "Life" is Nietzsche's "der Lehrer der ewigenWiederkunft", which is said to be a kind of "Schicksal". ), "soul" and "body" are both "dead" (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, p. 276. )。
Then, in the "seven seals" chapter of "So Say", Nietzsche's impassioned "eternal" hymn appeared. It should be said that Nietzsche's "eternity" is samsara, samsara is also eternity, not above samsara, but also eternity without samsara. In his hymn, he clearly stated that his "eternal" bruenstig is a kind of "wedding ring, that is, the ring of return" (Nachden Hoch Zeitlichen ring de ring, …dem Ring der Wiederkunft! (Note: Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, p. 287. )。
This means that Nietzsche did not understand "eternal reincarnation" as an idea, that is, everything in the world cannot form a whole, but only some "individual" and "concrete" residual limbs and fragments, and these residual limbs and fragments will last forever. In this sense, Nietzsche is not a metaphysical scholar, and his thoughts are completely opposite to European metaphysics. Nietzsche hates all transcendental absolutes, spirits, ideas, encyclopedias and gods, and spares no effort to expose their falsehood. On the other hand, he is full of enthusiastic praise for the real world that has been degraded by European traditional philosophy as "changing nothingness".
Nietzsche subverts the whole European philosophical tradition: the perceptual world that was once "illusory" is real, while the "conceptual world" that was once true and reliable is the real "illusory". Even the "God" who is considered "supreme" is "dead". This "god" is "death" and "death". Nietzsche was ecstatic at the grave of the "dead" God and deeply realized that "God" turned out to be the "verleumder" of the world. ), why because "God" and "slander" the real world is disgusting and ugly, it should be "discarded". Nietzsche criticized the deceptive empty talk of metaphysics and theology, enthusiastically praised the perceptual real life, carried this critical spirit to the end, and put forward the theory of "eternal reincarnation" without scruple, which was inevitable for a moment, but the thorough spirit of his philosophy attracted people to have the confidence to eliminate the misunderstanding and get a glimpse of its true meaning (Note: I tried to put Nietzsche's "So Say" and "Seven Seals" (page 288
"I am ecstatic to sit next to the cemetery of the gods in the past; Bless the world and love the world, but I am next to the monument of the detractors of that world. "
"When the sky shines with pure eyes through its broken cover, when the ruins of the church are covered with the same grass and red cherry blossoms, I like to sit next to the church and the grave of God."
"I haven't found a woman who can have children for me; Maybe there is someone I love: Ah, I love you forever! " )。
Breaking the metaphysical view of truth, ancient Europe has a tradition of skepticism and a strong tradition of atheism, which naturally provides resources for Nietzsche's thought; But Nietzsche is not limited to skepticism, and his opposition to Christian theology also has its own characteristics.
Nietzsche is not a skeptic. His values of truth are the inversion of traditional metaphysics, and his self-confidence is based on the eternal changes in the real world. Strong people bravely face the ever-changing world and constantly explore their own careers. Only a timid person can endure the sufferings of this world and dream of "eternal reconciliation".
Both Christian theology and metaphysics teach people to "understand" the world correctly.
Christianity, especially Protestantism, says that people come to this world because of guilt, and life is meant to make amends, so all your sufferings can be "understood" and "endured".
Metaphysics also warns people that "phenomenon" is changeable and imperfect, and it is a kind of "shadow" and "copy" of "essence". As a perceptual existence, people inevitably live in the perceptual phenomenon world, which is naturally imperfect. Only through "eternal" efforts, twists and turns, hardships and sufferings can we get closer to this "essence".
In Nietzsche's time, the peak of metaphysics was Hegel, who combined the European philosophical tradition with the Protestant tradition to a close degree. His Phenomenology of Spirit is the "Bible" of philosophy, and it is a process of "spiritual improvement" through hardships, tests and hard struggle. Hegel, like Christ God, reconciled all human sufferings and injustices in the "return" of his "absolute idea". Like God, absolute idea, as the first cause, externalized and created the world. Everything in the world is in the operation of absolute idea, which is the highest inevitability of natural cause and effect. Under its cover, everything is reasonable, that is, understandable. All negations in the real world will experience another negation and return to affirmation. The world is dominated by this highest "operation", and everything has its "arrangement", which Hegel calls "the ingenuity of reason", that is, "the wisdom of God".
Since there is no illusory "absolute idea-God" to resolve all contradictions, what people can do is to face reality and life. Without denying the truth, goodness and beauty of the supremacy of life (phenomenon), the phenomenon of life itself is affirmed. In this sense, the "will" advocated by German philosophy really has "strength" and is really endowed with "creativity". In Nietzsche's view, setting an "absolute-God" to dissolve life also dissolves will. "Will will eventually reconcile itself (dissolve, erloeste) and become no (non-) will" (Note: Nietzsche: "Say so", see the Complete Works of Nietzsche, Volume IV, No.65433). Nietzsche said that this is a fable song of a madman. Accordingly, Nietzsche (Zarathustra) taught people that "will is the creator" (Note: Nietzsche: "Say this", see the fourth volume of Complete Works of Nietzsche 18 1 page. )。
As we know, Christianity has raised people's free will to an unprecedented height. The intellectual inevitability of Greece makes "theology" and "metaphysics" integrated (Aristotle), while Christianity has to give human beings free will in order to create a single personality god, so that, as Kant later demonstrated, it can enter religion through moral channels. However, since man's freedom of will is given by God, God also has the right to take it back. This is a loan relationship. Sure enough, human beings not only ceded part of their power to each other when forming a society (Rousseau), but also "entrusted" all their "freedom" to God when interacting with God. "Give up" people's freedom and leave it to God to manage, so that we can endure life and spend our lives with an attitude of atonement. Thus, for people, "freedom" has become "obedience" and "will" has become "no (non-) will". What do you mean "no (no) will"? No (non) will is a will without strength, a will without strength, that is, an abstract will without reality. The most powerful advocate of this "will" is Kant. Nietzsche's "will to power" is mainly against Kant's will theory.
The contribution of Kant's philosophy lies in "dissolving" the problem of Christian theology into his philosophical thinking, which makes the "freedom of will" since Augustine have a systematic philosophical position and occupy the core center of "practical reason", thus launching Kant's in-depth discussion on ethics and morality.
But Kant's "freedom of will" is abstract and formal, and has no real experience. It is purely rational and formal. Once the content of experience is attached, it becomes "happiness theory", which is the knowledge of experience. Therefore, in the real world of experience, Kant's "will" becomes "no (no) will". Of course, Kant's "freedom of will" will also have "reality", that is, there will be (and must be) "reality" until the distant "kingdom of heaven" in "eternity", and this kind of "transcendental reality" is only possible in the kingdom of heaven.
Nowadays, the illusions of "the kingdom of God", "the kingdom of heaven" and "the absolute idea" have all been destroyed by Nietzsche's "eternal reincarnation", so the "reality" of "will" has returned to the real world of experience, and "will" has restored "strength" and "will to power", that is, "will with power".