The longest ruling empire in European history
If this country has existed for a long time, it is Byzantium; If it was feudal for a long time, it should be the holy Roman Empire.
Holy Roman Empire
The first empire in German history refers to the holy Roman Empire in 962- 1806 [1]. People used to regard 9 1 1 as the beginning of the transformation from the Eastern Frankish Empire to the German Empire. This year, Frank Duke Conrad I was elected king, and he was regarded as the first German king. In 962 AD, King Otto I of Germany was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome, known as the "Roman Emperor", and the Kingdom of Germany was known as the "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation", that is, the ancient German Empire, or the First Empire. 1806, the empire was overthrown by Napoleon I.
The Holy Roman Empire is called the German Holy Roman Empire or the Germanic Holy Roman Empire. Germans believe that their country can be traced back to the Roman Empire, so they call it the Holy Roman Empire. From 962 to 1806, the feudal empire of western and central Europe. The early days were a unified country. After the Middle Ages, it evolved into a political alliance of some principalities, vassal countries, Bo countries, religious aristocratic territories and free cities that recognized the supreme authority of the emperor. Its history can be traced back to the Roman Empire. In 955, German King Otto I defeated magyars in the battle of Lechfield and recovered the border area. In 962, Otto was crowned emperor and established the Holy Roman Empire. Today Austria belongs to the Holy Roman Empire until it collapsed in 1806. Finally,1August 6, 806, Franz Ii gave up the title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and only retained the Austrian Emperor, thus the Holy Roman Empire officially perished.
The first empire in German history refers to the holy Roman Empire in 962- 1806 [1]. People used to regard 9 1 1 as the beginning of the transformation from the Eastern Frankish Empire to the German Empire. This year, Frank Duke Conrad I was elected king, and he was regarded as the first German king. In 962 AD, King Otto I of Germany was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome, called "Emperor of Rome", and the Kingdom of Germany was called "Holy Roman Empire of German Nation", which was the ancient German Empire, or the First Empire. 1806, the empire was overthrown by Napoleon I.
Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Romano Rum Imperium Nation is Germany) was a feudal empire in Europe in the Middle Ages. In 962 ad. Otto I, king of Germany and Saxony, was crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome (reigned from 962 to 973), becoming the guardian of Rome and the supreme ruler of the Roman Catholic world. From 1 157, the empire was called the Holy Roman Empire, and its heyday included modern Germany, Austria, northern and central Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, eastern France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. 1806 was destroyed by Napoleon I, and the imperial rulers pretended to be the successors of the Roman Empire and Charlemagne and expanded abroad. 11~12nd century, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope fought fiercely for the right to succeed the bishop, which was not only the struggle for the control of the church, but also the struggle between the central kingship and the local feudal separatist forces. Nevertheless, throughout the Middle Ages, the empire and the church always cooperated closely to maintain the feudal system. In order to dominate the world, imperial rulers invaded Italy many times, and the protracted war consumed the strength of the empire. During the rule of Hohenstaufen dynasty, the central power declined and there was a lack of economic ties between different places. The empire became an unstable alliance between a feudal monarchy and a free city that recognized the emperor's supreme power. 1254 ~ 1273 is a vacancy period in German history. During this period, disputes and infighting among princes, knights and cities continued. /kloc-at the end of 0/3, there were many independent feudal lords in the empire, and the emperor had no jurisdiction over the feudal princes outside his territory. 1356, Charles iv issued a golden seal, confirming that the emperor should be elected by the seven emperors. /kloc-From the beginning of the 5th century to the beginning of the empire, the throne was occupied by the Habsburg family in Austria. /kloc-In the second half of the third century, due to the separation of Burgundy and Italy from the empire, their territories were mainly confined to German-speaking areas. From 1474, the empire was called the holy Roman empire of the German nation, and became a political combination in name only.
/kloc-at the end of 0/5/kloc-at the beginning of 0/6, Emperor Maximilian I tried to revive the empire, but failed. Due to the increasing exploitation and oppression of peasants and citizens by Roman Catholicism and German feudal rulers, the Reformation and the German Peasant War broke out at the beginning of16th century, and the Peasant War was the climax of the Reformation. After the Reformation, the empire was actually divided into the eastern, northern and central parts of Lutheranism, the western part of Calvinism, a part of Southwest China and the southern part of Catholicism.
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine culture and language are mostly Greek, which is quite different from ancient Rome militarily. After Rome divided East and West, West Rome inherited the combat mode of ancient Roman infantry phalanx, while East Rome began to try to use heavy cavalry instead of infantry as the main combat force. But the Byzantines regarded themselves as Romans, which is not contradictory to the Romans in East Rome. Their language is Greek, and their culture has been Greek for many centuries, but by the 7th century, their official language was Latin. The countries around them (Persian Empire and Arab Empire in the East, European countries in the West and Russia in the North) all call them Romans. If someone calls them "Greeks", it is an insult to them, because "Greeks" means "primitive people". This empire was not called Byzantine Empire until17th century. Since17th century, western historians have introduced the name Byzantine Empire in order to distinguish (actually quite different) the ancient Roman Empire from the medieval Roman Empire. This title comes from the predecessor of its capital Constantinople: the ancient Greek colony Byzantium.
Brief introduction of royal family and monarch
The Byzantine Empire was the most important empire in medieval Europe, and its importance can be expressed in the simplest way: if the Byzantine Empire collapsed with the Western Roman Empire in the early dark ages, then Christianity in the whole West could not exist.
As for the era of Byzantine Empire, just like the division of China in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it is difficult to draw a conclusion. According to the division of different nature, generally speaking, there are the following views:
1. In 330 AD, the Roman emperor Constantine the Great moved to Byzantium (Constantinople), and the empire with Byzantium as its capital was called the Byzantine Empire.
2. In 378 AD, Emperor Vallance was defeated by Visigoths in the Adriatic Castle, marking the end of the golden age of the Roman Empire and the entry of Europe into the dark age. Since then, the Roman Empire and the former politically unified empire have changed in nature, so the Eastern Empire has since been called the Byzantine Empire.
3. In 395 AD, Theodosius I, the last emperor who unified the Roman Empire, died, and the Roman Empire was formally divided into the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire is called the Byzantine Empire.
4. In 476 AD, Romulus, the last emperor of Western Rome? 1? 76? 1? 7 1 Augustus was abolished. As the successor of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire is called the Byzantine Empire.
5. In 6 10, the Chiralius dynasty of the Eastern Roman Empire was established, and the official language was changed from Latin to Greek by Emperor Chiralius. Since then, the Eastern Roman Empire has become a pure Greek Empire, so the Byzantine Empire in the narrowest sense is also counted from the Chiralius Dynasty in 6 10.
The symbol of the end of slavery in Europe is the demise of Western Rome in 476 AD. Domestic historians generally believe that the feudal system in Western Europe was established in the ninth and tenth centuries, mainly based on the Chersi Act of 877. That is to say, Byzantium was born in 395 AD, and by 476 AD, East Rome (Byzantium) was still in a state of slavery, and from 476 AD to the 9th century AD, it was in a transitional period from slavery to feudalism. So Byzantium, as a country,