First unit

Lesson one

1, the relationship between philosophy and life (P2-5)( 1) Philosophy is around (philosophy cannot be separated from life): ① Philosophy comes from human practical activities; (2) Philosophy stems from people's questioning and thinking about the world. (2) Philosophy is the art of guiding people to live a better life (life cannot be separated from philosophy): (1) Philosophy is knowledge that gives people wisdom and makes them smart; Philosophy enables us to look at the world and life correctly and guide people to understand and transform the world correctly.

2. The meaning of philosophy (1) Philosophy is the theory of world outlook (P5-6)(2) Philosophy is the unity of world outlook and methodology (P6)(3) Philosophy is the generalization and summary of natural, social and thinking knowledge (P6-8).

3. The relationship between philosophy and world outlook: (P5-6)( 1) The meaning of world outlook: people's overall and fundamental views on the whole world and the relationship between people and the world. (2) Spontaneous and scattered world outlook is not called philosophy, and philosophy is a theoretical and systematic world outlook.

4. Relationship between world outlook and methodology: (P6) World outlook determines methodology, and methodology embodies world outlook.

5. The relationship between philosophy and specific scientific is different: (P6-7)( 1) specific scientific reveals the laws and mysteries of specific fields; (2) Philosophy reveals the universal nature and laws of the whole world; (P7-8)( 1) specific scientific is the foundation of philosophy, and the progress of specific scientific promotes its development.

Lesson 2

1, what is the basic problem of philosophy? What are the two contents? (P9- 10)( 1) The basic problem of philosophy is the relationship between matter (being) and consciousness (thinking). (2) It includes two aspects: ① The primary problem: thinking and existence. This is the only criterion to distinguish materialism from idealism. ② The question of whether thinking and existence are the same (that is, whether thinking can correctly understand the existing problems). This is the standard to distinguish knowability from agnosticism.

2. Why is the relationship between thinking and existence the fundamental problem of philosophy? (p10-1) (1) The relationship between thinking and existence is an unavoidable basic problem that people first encounter in their life and practical activities. (2) The relationship between thinking and existence is a question that all philosophies cannot avoid and must answer. (3) The relationship between thinking and existence runs through the development of philosophy. Different answers to this question determine the basic nature and direction of various philosophies and their answers to other philosophical questions.

3. Dialectics and Metaphysics (P 14)( 1) Dialectics and Metaphysics are fundamentally opposite worldviews and methodologies. Dialectics holds that the world is connected, developing and contradictory, and advocates looking at problems from a connected, developing and comprehensive point of view; Metaphysics thinks that the world is isolated and static, denies contradictions, and looks at problems from an isolated, static and one-sided point of view; (2) Materialism and idealism answer the question "What is the world" (the origin of the world), while dialectics and metaphysics answer the question "What is the world" (the state of the world). (3) In the history of philosophy, there have always been two pairs of materialism and idealism, dialectics and metaphysics. But the status of the two is different, and the latter is always subordinate to the former. Dialectics and metaphysics are either combined with materialism or idealism. The basic factions of philosophy are only materialism and idealism, and there is no confrontation between the four armies.

Lesson 3

1, the relationship between philosophy and the times (p10-1) (1) Real philosophy is the summary and sublimation of the spirit of the times (philosophy comes from the times) ① Philosophy belongs to the cultural category, reflecting the social, economic and political situation of a certain era ② Real philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times (real) (2) True philosophy is the forerunner of social change (philosophy reacts to the times) ① Philosophy criticizes old ideas and systems, renews people's ideas, liberates people's thoughts ② Philosophy can foresee the future, point out the direction, mobilize and master the masses, and turn it into a great material force to change society ③ In short, any philosophy that reflects historical figures and the objective requirements of the times can become the forerunner of social change in this era, promote the pace of the times and guide social change.

2. Marxist philosophy (P 17-23)( 1) The emergence of Marxist philosophy (P 17- 19)① Class foundation: the emergence and development of the proletariat ② Natural science foundation: cell theory, law of energy conservation and transformation, and biological evolution ③ Direct theoretical source. (2) Basic characteristics of Marxist philosophy (P20-2 1)① Unity of materialism and dialectics ② Unity of materialistic and dialectical view of nature and history ③ Unity of science and revolution (3) Theoretical achievements of Marxism in China (P2 1-23)① Mao Zedong Thought (basic viewpoint: seeking truth from facts, mass line, independence) ② Deng Xiaoping Theory (theme) Its essence is: building the party for the public and governing for the people) ④ Scientific Outlook on Development.

Second unit

Lesson 4

1, what is the substance? (P29) Matter is an objective reality independent of human consciousness and can be reflected by human consciousness.

Why is the world a material world and the real unity of the world lies in its materiality? (P28~30) Nature is matter; The emergence, existence, development and constituent elements of human society are also objective materiality; Human consciousness is also produced on the basis of matter. Without matter, there is no consciousness.

2. What is sports? (P3 1) Philosophical movement refers to the changes and processes of all things and phenomena in the universe. Movement is the fundamental attribute and existing mode of matter.

3. Relationship between motion and matter (P3 1) Difference: (from their respective meanings) Connection: Matter is a moving matter, and matter can only maintain its existence in motion (matter cannot be separated from motion). Movement is the movement of matter, and matter is the undertaker of movement (movement cannot be separated from matter).

The material world is the unity of absolute motion and relative stillness (the relationship between motion and stillness) (P32)

4. The relationship between motion and stillness (1) The meaning of stillness (2) Everything in the world is in motion. Without immobile matter, motion is absolute, unconditional and eternal; Static is not static, it is a special form of movement, which is relative, conditional and temporary. (3) Any view that separates absolute motion from the unity of relative stillness is wrong.

Lesson Five

1. Movement is regular (P33)( 1) Meaning: Law is an inherent, essential and stable connection in the process of things moving. The law is objective and universal. (2) Methodology: The objectivity and universality of the law require us to follow the law and act according to the objective law.

2. What is consciousness? (P35~37) From the origin of consciousness, it is the product of the long-term development of the material world; From the physiological basis of consciousness, it is the function of the human brain; From the content of consciousness, it is a subjective image of objective existence. The essence of consciousness (which can also explain why matter determines consciousness)

3. The role of consciousness (1) in actively understanding the world. People's consciousness can not only reflect the external phenomena of things, but also grasp the essence and laws of things. (2) actively transform the world. People actively transform the objective world under the guidance of consciousness. (This is the most prominent role of consciousness)

4. Proceed from reality and seek truth from facts (P4 1)( 1) Philosophical theoretical basis: the world is a material world, and material determines consciousness, and material movement is regular, and the law is objective and universal. (2) Methodological requirements: ① We should respect the objective laws of material movement, proceed from objective things, conduct investigation and study, and find out the inherent laws of things that are not imagined as the basis for our actions. We should constantly emancipate our minds, keep pace with the times, explore the essence and laws of things with a pragmatic spirit, and test and develop the truth in practice. ③ Combine giving full play to subjective initiative with respecting objective laws, and combine a high degree of revolutionary enthusiasm with a rigorous and down-to-earth scientific attitude.

Lesson 6

1, the meaning of practice (P42) Practice is all material movements that people transform the objective world.

2. Characteristics of Practice (P42) Practice has the characteristics of objective materiality, subjective initiative and social history. Three Basic Forms of Practice (P43)① The production practice of transforming nature is the most basic practical activity of human beings. ② Practice of changing society ③ Scientific experimental activities of exploring the laws of the world.

3.(P44~46) Practice is the basis of understanding. (1) Practice is the source of knowledge. (2) Practice is the driving force of cognitive development; (3) Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth. (4) Practice is the purpose and destination of cognition.

4. What is truth? What is the most basic attribute of truth? (P47) Truth is a philosophical category that marks the consistency between subjective and objective, and it is a correct reflection of objective things and their laws. The most basic attribute of truth is objective reality.

5. Truth is concrete and conditional. Any truth has its own conditions and scope of use. If beyond this condition and scope, truth will become fallacy. (2) Truth is concrete. Any truth is relative to the specific process, and it is the concrete historical unity of subjectivity and objectivity, theory and practice. If people ignore the process and don't enrich, develop and perfect the truth with the changes of historical conditions, the truth will become fallacy.

6. Pursuing the truth is a process (P48) Cognition has the principle of repetitiveness and infinity: Cognition has repetitiveness and infinity, and the cycle from practice to cognition and from cognition to practice is wave-like progress or spiral rise. Methodology: Keeping pace with the times, pioneering and innovating, knowing and discovering truth in practice, testing and developing truth in practice are our unremitting pursuit and eternal mission.

Third unit

Lesson 7

1, the meaning of connection: the relationship between things and the factors that influence and restrict each other inside things. Universality of Connection (1) Everything in the world is connected with other things around it in one way or another. The internal parts and elements of anything are interrelated. (3) The whole world is a universal organic whole, and nothing exists in isolation. Note: No two things are related.

2. Objectivity of connection: (1) Principle: Connection is objective, inherent in the thing itself, and independent of human will. (2) Methodology: the objectivity of contact requires us to grasp things from their internal relations and avoid subjectivity and randomness. Note: connection exists objectively, which does not mean that people can't do anything about the connection of things. People can change the state of things, according to the internal relations of things, adjust the original relations and establish new ones.

3. Diversity of connections (1) There are many different things in the world, and so are the connections of things. Grasping the diversity of communication is of great significance to our correct understanding of things. (2) The diversity of contacts requires us to pay attention to analyzing and grasping the conditions for the existence and development of things. Everything depends on time, place and conditions.

4. Look at the problem from the perspective of connection: adhere to the unity of the whole and the parts (1) The dialectical relationship between the whole and the parts: differences: ① Different meanings ② Different connections in the position, function and function of things in the development: the whole and the parts are interrelated and inseparable. ① The whole is composed of parts, and the functions of some parts and their changes will affect the functions of the whole. The function of key parts and their changes even play a decisive role in the overall function. Part 2 is a part of the whole; Without the whole, part is not part. The functional state of the whole and its changes will also affect some parts. (2) Methodology: ① Establish a holistic concept ② Pay attention to the role of the local.

5, master the method of system optimization.

Lesson 8

1, universality of development: nature is developing; Human society is developing; People's understanding is also developing, and there is a process from shallow to deep.

2. The essence of development: the essence of development is the emergence of new things and the demise of old things. Note: ① The interrelation of the material world constitutes the change and development of things. Everything changes in motion, but not all movement changes are development.

3. Unity of progressiveness and stumbling in historical development: the future is bright and the road is tortuous (1); The future of things is bright; (2) The development of things is tortuous; (3) Methodological requirements: (1) Look at the problem from the perspective of development, see that the future of things is bright and full of confidence in the future; ② We should be fully prepared mentally and bravely meet all kinds of difficulties and setbacks on the road ahead.

4. Dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change (1) Distinguish that quantitative change and qualitative change are two different states of things development. ⑵ Connection (3) Methodological requirements: ① Actively accumulate quantity to create conditions for the qualitative change of objective things. Seize the opportunity, promote qualitative change and realize the leap-forward development of things.

Lesson 9

1, meaning of contradiction and meaning of basic attribute (1). Note: the fundamental content of connection is contradiction, the fundamental driving force of development is contradiction, the contradictory viewpoint is the fundamental viewpoint of materialist dialectics, and the contradictory analysis method is the fundamental method for us to understand and transform the world. (2) Basic attributes: Identity and struggle are two basic attributes inherent in contradiction. Meaning: Identity is the attribute and trend of mutual attraction and contact between contradictory parties. Struggle is the property of mutual exclusion and opposition between contradictory parties, which embodies the tendency and trend of separation between opposing parties. ② Relationship: Identity is based on struggle; The struggle lies in identity, and it is also restricted by identity. (3) The contradictory parties are both antagonistic and unified, thus promoting the movement, change and development of things.

2. Principle of universality of contradiction: contradiction exists in everything, and everything is contradictory; Contradictions run through the development process of everything, and sometimes there are contradictions. Methodological requirements: ① We should admit contradictions, analyze contradictions, dare to expose contradictions, and actively seek the correct methods to solve contradictions. (2) We should stick to the dichotomy (or comprehensive viewpoint) to see the problem.

3. The particularity of contradiction and the principle of world outlook: contradictory things and each side have their own characteristics. There are three main situations: ① Different things have different contradictions. ② The same thing has different contradictions in different processes and development stages. (3) Different contradictions of the same thing (including major contradictions and minor contradictions) and two different aspects of the same contradiction (including major and minor aspects) also have their own particularities. Methodological requirements: adhere to the concrete analysis of specific problems.

4. Specific analysis of specific problems (1) Meaning: It refers to the specific analysis of the particularity of contradictions under the guidance of the principle of universality of contradictions, and finds out the correct methods to solve contradictions. The concrete analysis of concrete problems is an important principle of Marxism and the living soul of Marxism. (2) Importance: The concrete analysis of specific problems is the basis for us to correctly understand things and the key for us to correctly solve contradictions.

5. Dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction (i.e. * * * and individuality, general and individual) (1): ① Universality and particularity of contradiction are interrelated. On the one hand, universality lies in particularity and is manifested through particularity. Without particularity, there is no universality. On the other hand, particularity is inseparable from universality. No matter how special things in the world are, they always have something in common with other things of the same kind, and there is nothing that does not contain universality. ② The universality and particularity of contradictions can be transformed into each other on different occasions. ⑵ Application: The principle of dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction is the essence of contradiction between things, the philosophical basis of combining the universal principle of Marxism with the concrete reality of China, and the theoretical basis of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

6. Meaning of principal contradiction and secondary contradiction (1): Principal contradiction is the one that plays a dominant and decisive role in the development of things; Other contradictions that are subordinate and decisive in the development of things are secondary contradictions. (2) Connection: The principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction depend on each other, influence each other and transform each other under certain conditions. Note: The existence and development of the principal contradiction determines or affects the existence and development of other contradictions, but the secondary contradiction in turn affects the solution of the principal contradiction.

7. The main and secondary aspects of contradiction (1) Meaning: Of the two aspects of contradiction, the dominant one is the main one; Dominant and non-dominant aspects are the secondary aspects of contradiction. (2) Connection: The major and minor aspects of contradiction are mutually exclusive, interdependent and transformed under certain conditions. Note: the nature of things is mainly determined by the main aspects of the main contradiction, and the secondary aspects of contradictions also have a certain impact on the nature of things.

8. Insist on the method of understanding the unity of two-point theory and focus theory (1) Philosophical basis: the principle of dialectical relationship between principal contradiction and secondary contradiction, principal aspect of contradiction and secondary aspect of contradiction requires us to adhere to the contradiction analysis method of dichotomy and the method of understanding the unity of two-point theory and focus theory. (2) Adhering to the two-point theory means that when we understand the development process of complex things, we should not only see the main contradictions, but also see the secondary contradictions; To understand a contradiction, we should not only see the main aspects of the contradiction, but also see the secondary aspects of the contradiction. (3) Adhering to the key point theory means that we should pay attention to grasping the main contradiction when we understand the development process of complex things; When understanding a contradiction, we should focus on the main aspects of the contradiction. (4) The relationship between two-point theory and key theory. The two-point theory of dialectics is a two-point theory with emphasis, not an equilibrium theory; The emphasis is on two points, not one. We should adhere to the method of combining two-point theory with key theory and oppose metaphysical one-point theory and balance theory.

Lesson 10

1, establishing the philosophical basis of innovation consciousness (1) Dialectical negation requires us to establish innovation consciousness. Dialectical negation is the negation of things themselves, that is, denying themselves and developing themselves. Dialectical negation is the link between development and contact, and the essence of dialectical negation is "sublation" (2) The revolutionary critical spirit of dialectics requires us to establish innovative consciousness. The world is always in the process of constant movement, change and development. Dialectics is critical, revolutionary and innovative in nature. The revolutionary critical spirit of dialectics and innovative consciousness are closely linked.

2. The role of innovation. Innovation promotes the development of social productive forces. Innovation promotes the change of production relations and social system. Innovation promotes the development of human thinking and culture. Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress, the inexhaustible motive force of a country's prosperity and the source of a political party's eternal vitality. Innovation is the engine of the times and the driving force of social development.

3. The opposition between materialist dialectics and metaphysics (1) materialist dialectics advocates looking at problems from a contact, development and comprehensive point of view. (2) Metaphysics looks at problems from an isolated, static and one-sided perspective. (3) The focus and fundamental difference between materialist dialectics and metaphysics lies in whether to admit contradiction or not, and whether to admit contradiction is the source and motive force of the development of things.

4. The connection, development, comprehensive viewpoint and the law of unity of opposites of materialist dialectics require us to firmly establish and resolutely implement a people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable Scientific Outlook on Development and strive to build a harmonious socialist society.

Fourth unit

Lesson 11

1, the principle of dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness (1) Social existence determines social consciousness. Social consciousness is the reflection of social existence, and the development of social existence determines the development of social consciousness. (2) Social consciousness is relatively independent. (3) Social consciousness has a dynamic reaction to social existence. Backward social consciousness hinders social development, while advanced social consciousness can predict the direction and trend of social development and play a positive role in promoting social development.

2. Basic social contradictions: (1) The contradiction between productivity and production relations, and the contradiction between economic base and superstructure are the basic contradictions that run through human society. (2) The relations of production must be suitable for the law of productive forces and the superstructure must be suitable for the law of economic foundation, which is a universal law that plays a role in any society. The discovery of the law of social development makes the theory of social history truly become a science for the first time.

3. General trend of social and historical development: The general trend of social and historical development is forward and upward, and the development process is tortuous. Social development is realized in the movement of social basic contradictions and the continuous solution of social basic contradictions. ① In class society, class struggle is the direct driving force to promote the development of class society; ② In socialist society, reform is the self-improvement and development of socialism, and it is a powerful driving force to promote the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

4. People are the creators of history: (1) Principle: People are the subject and creator of history. People are the creators of social material wealth and social spiritual wealth, and are the decisive force of social change.

(2) Methodology: Adhere to the mass viewpoint and mass line. (1) mass viewpoint: believe that the people liberate themselves, serve the people wholeheartedly, be responsible for everything, and learn from the people with an open mind. ② The mass line: everything is for the masses, everything depends on the masses, from the masses to the masses. (3) Adhering to the mass viewpoint and mass line is an important guarantee for China's * * * production party to lead the people to win the democratic revolution, the socialist revolution and the success of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's construction.

Lesson 12

1, value and health. (1) Value in the philosophical sense refers to the positive significance of a thing to the subject, that is, the attributes and functions that a thing has that can meet the needs of the subject. (2) The value of life includes personal responsibility and contribution to society (social value) and social recognition and satisfaction to individuals (self-value), while the real value of life lies in the contribution to society. Evaluating a person's value mainly depends on his contribution to the broad masses of the people.

2, values and the guiding role of values (1) Values refer to people's general views and fundamental views on the value of things. (2) As a social consciousness, values play an important role in driving, restricting and guiding people's behavior: ① Values play an important guiding role in people's activities of understanding and transforming the world. ② Values play an important guiding role in the choice of life path.

3. Value judgment and value choice: Value judgment and value choice are formed on the basis of social practice and have social and historical characteristics and subjective characteristics. Therefore, to establish correct values, make correct value judgments and value choices, we must (1) adhere to the truth and consciously follow the objective laws of social development. (2) Consciously stand on the position of the overwhelming majority of the people, regard people's interests as the highest value standard, and firmly establish the idea of serving the people.

4. How to truly stand on the position of the overwhelming majority of the people (1) The interests of the overwhelming majority of the people are the most critical and decisive factor, and the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people must be considered and satisfied first. (2) When personal interests conflict with people's interests, we should consciously stand on the people's side. (3) When personal interests conflict with the interests of others, we should understand and respect the legitimate interests of others. (4) When there is no conflict between personal interests and the interests of society, the collective and others, we should take the unity of the three as the standard of our own choice, and take the advantages of the two as heavier and the disadvantages of the two as lighter.

5. Creation and Realization of Value (1) Create value through labor and dedication. People who work and contribute are happy, and actively participating in the practice of serving the people is the fundamental way to realize the value of life. (2) Realizing value in the unity of individual and society. The objective conditions provided by society are the basis for people to realize the value of life. (3) Strive for self-improvement and success. We need to give full play to our subjective initiative, work hard and strive for self-improvement. ② We need to work hard to develop our talents and improve our personal quality in an all-round way. (3) It is necessary to have firm ideals and beliefs and to be guided by correct values.