Qin Xiaogong made great use of Wei Yang (that is, Shang Yang) to carry out political reform, rewarded the agricultural war, moved the capital to Xianyang (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi), set up county-level administration, and opened up a new road. While strengthening centralization, we will continuously improve agricultural production. Externally, Qin signed a treaty with Chu and North Korea, and joined forces with Qi and Zhao to attack Anyi, the capital of Wei (now northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province), extending its territory to the east of Luoshui. Since then, the national strength has become stronger and stronger, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify China.
succeed to the throne
Qin Xiaogong was born on February 6th, 38 1 years ago. After his father Qin Xiangong died 362 years ago, Qin Xiaogong succeeded to the throne. Qin Xiaogong was only 2 1 year old when he ascended the throne. [2]
Long before the birth of Qin Xiaogong, the State of Qin experienced several generations of throne turmoil since Qin, and its national strength was greatly weakened. Wei took advantage of the unstable political situation in Qin State to seize Hexi region (west of the Yellow River south section between Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces). After Qin Xiaogong's father succeeded to the throne, he ceded land and made peace with Wei, settled the border, moved the capital to Liyang (now southeast of Fuping County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province), farmed and lived, and made several expeditions to the east, trying to recover the lost land in Hexi, but failed to die as he wished. [3]
seek after virtuous talent as if to quench one's thirst―eagerly seek after men of worth and ability
When Qin Xiaogong ascended the throne, he stood side by side with Qi Weiwang, Chu Xuanwang, Wei Huiwang, Yan Wengong, Han Zhaohou and Zhao Chenghou. At that time, six heroes of the Warring States in Yaoshan, east of the Yellow River, had been formed, and there were more than a dozen small countries between Huaihe River and Surabaya. The influence of the Zhou royal family declined, and the princes conquered and annexed by force. Among the six outstanding figures in the Warring States Period, Chu and Wei bordered on Qin. Wei occupied Hexi area, which originally belonged to Qin State, and built the Great Wall from Zheng County (now Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province) along Luohe River to the north. Chu moved south from Hanzhong County and occupied Wujun County and Qianzhong County. Qin was located in Yongzhou, a remote place, and did not attend the alliance meeting of governors in the Central Plains. Be alienated by princes and treat them like barbarians. After Qin Xiaogong succeeded to the throne, he took it as his duty to restore the hegemony during the Qin Mugong period. He was kind-hearted, generous, and recruited soldiers and horses, and clearly rewarded meritorious deeds. He promulgated the famous Order of China Asking for Talents, and ordered the ministers of China to offer the strategy of making Qiang Bing a rich country.
In the same year, Qin Xiaogong was divided into two groups, besieging the mountain city (now hancheng city, Shaanxi Province) in the east, attacking Xirong in the west and slaying the king of Xirong. Zhao and South Korea also took advantage of the unstable succession to attack Qin. [4]
In the first 360 years, King Xian of Zhou sent envoys to sacrifice meat. [5]
The Reforms of Shang Yang
After the death of his uncle CuO, the patriot Shang Yang heard that there was an order to seek the virtuous, so he took his Classic of Law to the State of Qin and got to know filial piety through his prized Classic of Justice. Shang Yang first said filial piety with the skill of emperor and king. Filial piety fell asleep after listening to it, and blamed Shang Yang through the fine sword. Shang Yang talks about filial piety with overbearing skills. Xiao changed his attitude after hearing this, but did not reuse Shang Yang. Shang Yang finally talked about Qiang Bing's strategy of enriching the country. Xiao Gong was overjoyed after hearing this, and they were not tired after chatting for a few days. [6-7]
Qin Xiaogong clay sculpture statue [8]
Under Shang Yang's persuasion, he decided to carry out political reform in Qin State, but the political reform was opposed by the old school represented by, and the two sides had a heated debate. After the end of the political reform, Qin Xiaogong ordered Shang Yang to issue the Qin Reclamation Order in 359, which started the comprehensive political reform. The main contents include: stimulating agricultural production, restraining commercial development, remolding social values, improving agricultural social consciousness, weakening the privileges of nobles and officials, allowing domestic nobles to join agricultural production, and implementing a unified tax and rent system.
Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang as the governor of Zuo Shu in the first 356 years after the Qin State successfully cultivated land for grass, and carried out the first political reform of Qin State. The main contents include: reforming the household registration system, implementing the law of "joining the ranks of officers and soldiers", expressly stipulating military laws, rewarding military service, abolishing the system of "serving your officials", establishing the system of "20 military achievements", rewarding agriculture and weaving, emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, severely punishing private struggle, changing laws into laws, formulating Qin laws, and promoting small family system.
After the first political reform, the national strength of Qin became strong. In the first 358 years, Qin defeated South Korea in Xishan (now west of Xiong 'er Mountain in Henan). [9] In the first 357 years, Pai Youyin's daughter married Qin. [10] In the first 355 years, he joined forces with Du Ping (now the east of Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province), ending the long-term situation that Qin did not join forces with the governors of the Central Plains. [ 1 1]
After pacifying the Prince, Qin Xiaogong regarded Shang Yang as a great hero and began the second political reform.
Xianyang (now the northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) is located in the middle of Guanzhong Plain, bordering the plateau in the north and the Weihe River in the south. It can reach the Yellow River along the Weihe River, or it can reach Hanguguan between Zhong Nanshan and Weihe River. In order to facilitate the development to the east of Hanguguan, in the first 350 years, Qin Xiaogong ordered Shang Yang to recruit soldiers, build Jique Palace according to the scale of the capital of Lu and Wei, and build a new capital. The following year, he moved the capital from Liyang to Xianyang, and ordered Shang Yang to carry out the second political reform in Qin. [12- 13] The main contents are: opening up and closing borders, abandoning ore fields, making iron fields, allowing private ownership and trading of land, implementing the county system, adding oral tribute, unifying the quantity, burning poems to make laws and regulations clear, blocking private invitations, and prohibiting people who travel by government from implementing household orders.
After two political reforms, Qin's national strength was strong and the people's families were rich and sufficient. There are no thieves in the mountains without picking up the remains of the Qin people. The people are brave enough to fight for the country, but they dare not fight privately, and the order of villages and towns is stable. [14] King Xian of Zhou sent an envoy to give him the title of overlord, and the vassal states sent an envoy to congratulate him. In the first 348 years, Han Zhaohou personally went to the State of Qin and signed an armistice agreement with Qin Xiaogong. [15] In the first 342 years, Pai Taizishang led the ninety-two countries in Xirong to appear before the court, which showed the status of Qin as the western hegemon. [ 16]
Battle of Hexi
It is the wish of two generations of monarchs, Qin Xiangong and Qin Xiaogong, to recover the lost land in Hexi and restore the hegemony of Qin Mugong. As early as the period, Qin and Wei fought many wars for Hexi region, among which Qin won three battles: Luo Yin (southwest of Dali County in Shaanxi Province), Shimenshan (southwest of Yuncheng City in Shaanxi Province) and Shaoliang (southwest of hancheng city in Shaanxi Province). After Shang Yang's two political reforms, Qin became strong and had the ability to recover Hexi region.
In the first 354 years, Zhao invaded Wei's ally, Weiguo, and captured Qihe (both in Changyuan County, Henan Province). [17] This move led to the interference of Wei, who sent troops to help defend and surrounded Handan, the capital of Zhao (now Handan City, Hebei Province). [18] Taking advantage of Wei Jun's main attack, he sent troops to attack Wei, captured Yuanli, an important stronghold of the Great Wall west of Weihe River (now south of Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province), defeated Wei Jun, annihilated 7,000 defenders and occupied Shaoliang. [19] In the same year, Qin Xiaogong ordered Gongsunzhuang to attack South Korea and surrounded Jiaocheng (now west of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province), but failed to conquer it, occupying Shangzhi, Anling (now north of Yanling County, Henan Province) and Shanshi (now northeast of xinzheng city, Henan Province) and building the city, and inserting it into the border area between Wei and South Korea. [20]
In the first 353 years, the Qi army joined forces with the army led by Gong Suncang, the enemy of the Song State and the Wei State, and besieged Xiangling of the Wei State (now Sui County, Henan Province). [2 1] At this time, Wei Jun's main force had broken through Handan, the capital of Zhao, but was defeated by the Qi army who came to rescue Zhao in the Battle of Guiling. [22] General Jing Ke was sent to rescue Zhao, and the land of Sui and water of Wei was seized. [23] Taking advantage of Wei's domestic emptiness, Shang Yang was appointed as the girder seat in the first 352 years, led the troops to March in, surrounded Wei, and occupied Anyi (now northwest of Xia County, Shaanxi Province) [24]. Wei Huiwang quickly sent troops to the east of Guyang (that is, Ding Yang, now east of Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province) to build the Xiaoshan Great Wall (starting from Xiaoshan in the southeast and reaching the Yellow River in the northwest) to stop Qin Jun's attack. 35 1 year ago, Shang Yang led his troops to surround and occupy Guyang. [25]
Qin and Wei created peace.
In 352 AD, Wei Huiwang led the South Korean army to defeat the allied forces of Qi, Song and Wei which surrounded Xiangling. The State of Qi was forced to ask the General Jing She of Chu to mediate, and the countries called a truce. [26] Before 35 1 year, Wei Huiwang and Zhao Chenghou formed an alliance by the Zhanghe River and withdrew from Handan, the capital of Zhao. After the peace talks with other countries, Wei concentrated his forces on counterattack to the west, recaptured Anyi and surrounded Guyang. [27] In order to buy time for China's second political reform, 350 years ago, Qin Xiaogong and Wei Huiwang formed an alliance in Tong Di (now southwest of hua county, Shaanxi Province), which eased the tension between the two countries. [28]
Wei Huiwang, in the name of appearing before the Emperor of Zhou, summoned twelve governors in an attempt to unite against the State of Qin. Qin Xiaogong ordered to strengthen the defense, and adopted Shang Yang's strategy of "respecting Wei as king" to change Wei's intention to attack Qin. In the first 344 years, Shang Yang was sent to lobby and persuade him not only to make twelve small countries such as Song, Wei, Zou and Lu, but also to unite with Northern Yan and attack Qi in the east, forcing Zhao to yield; Join Qin in the west, attack Chu in the south, and force South Korea to yield, so that it can dominate. Shang Yang also suggested that Wei Huiwang should obey the ambition of the world, be king first, and then consider it. Wei Huiwang listened to Shang Yang's lobbying and began to be king. According to the emperor's specifications, he built a palace in Fengze (now south of Kaifeng, Henan), made Danfu and Jiupin Seven-Star Flag, and called small countries to join the Union. Qin Gongzi and Zhao Suhou were also invited to participate in [29]. After the vassals joined the League, they all went to appear before the Emperor of Zhou. Wei Huiwang's violation of the etiquette aroused the anger of Qi and Chu, and the governors took refuge in Qi. [30-3 1]
Battle of the west
In the first 343 years, the State of Qin built a city in Wucheng (now east of hua county, Shaanxi Province). [32]
34 1 years ago, Wei suffered heavy losses from Qi in the Battle of Maling. Commander-in-Chief Pang Juan committed suicide and Prince Shen was captured. Shang Yang took the opportunity to say to Qin Xiaogong, "The relationship between Qin and Wei is like a heart disease. Either Wei annexed Qin or Qin annexed Wei. Wei is located in the west of Shanxi, occupying the east of Xiaoshan, and bordering Qin with the Yellow River. When the situation is favorable, it invades Qin in the west and expands its territory in the east when the situation is unfavorable. Now you are wise, SHEN WOO, and the State of Qin is prosperous. Wei has just been defeated by Qi, so we can take this opportunity to attack Wei. Wei can't resist the attack of Qin, and it is bound to move eastward. When Wei Yi retreated to the East, Qin occupied the dangerous terrain of the Yellow River and Lushan Mountain, and it was possible to control the vassals of the eastern countries. This is the imperial inheritance that dominates the world! " Qin Xiaogong took Shang Yang's advice and decided to attack Wei on a large scale while its strength had not been restored.
Before 34 1, Qin joined forces with Qi and Zhao to attack Wei. In September of the same year, Shang Yang was sent to attack Wei Hedong, and Wei Paizi went to war. When the two armies confronted each other, Shang Yang sent an envoy to the son and said, "At the beginning, we were at peace with the son. Now you and I are generals of two hostile countries, and we can't bear to attack each other. I can meet with the son, make a pact, have a good drink, and then retreat separately, so that Qin and Wei can live in peace. " When Gongzi Wan went to the meeting, he was captured by Shang Yang's ambush. Shang Yang took the opportunity to attack Wei Jun, and Wei Jun was defeated. Wei Huiwang was forced to cede some land in Hexi for peace, and Shang Yang was named as "Shangwuyi" and Shang Jun because of his exploits. [33-34]
In the first 338 years, the State of Qin attacked Wei again, defeated Wei Jun at the Shore Gate (now south of Hejin, Shanxi) and captured its main commander Wei Cuo. [35] In the same year, the State of Qin and Dali Guorong surrounded Heyang of Wei (now southeast of Heyang County, Shaanxi Province). [36]
stop
338 years ago, Qin Xiaogong was dying. According to the Warring States policy, Qin Xiaogong wanted to spread to Shang Yang, but Shang Yang refused to accept it. After Qin Xiaogong's death, he was buried in his brother and his son Qin Huiwen succeeded him. [38] In the same year of his death, Shang Yang was framed by childe Qian for rebellion, defeated and died, and his body was brought back to Xianyang, where he was publicly displayed after being cracked. [39]
Historical evaluation editor
Jia Yi: "It is believed that Qin Xiaogong holds the land of Yongzhou, and the monarch and his ministers stick to it, so he can get a glimpse of the Zhou room. It means sweeping the world, embracing the four seas and annexing the Eight Wastes. When the time came, Shang Jun assisted it, legislated internally, cultivated and prepared for war; Against the prince outside the company. So the Qin people made friends and took Xijiang. " [40]
Han Shu: "At that time, Qin Xiaogong was strong and powerful, and was subdued by force."
Jia Sixie: "Qin Xiaogong took advantage of Shang Jun's ... emergency tillage reward. Take the neighboring countries and wait for them. " [4 1]
Tang Zhen: "In Mencius' world, there are seven great powers. Qin Xiaogong was angry at the western Shu, and he gave him kindness, encouraged him to be widowed, recruited soldiers and horses, rewarded the king in the west, and defeated Chu in the south, eyeing the six countries. " [42]
Zeng Guofan: "When you go to Qin Xiaogong, you should donate gifts to fight, abandon benevolence and righteousness and use deception, so you can win the battle." [43]