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What are the treasures of Henan Museum? What are their characteristics? Why can they become the treasures of the town hall?
The "treasure of the town museum" in Henan City Museum Jiaozuo's twisted porcelain jar is very small, which looks a bit like a small salt jar used at home when I was a child. Tanks are painted with brown and white feather patterns, which are not exquisite. I look a little confused. The people in the museum picked it up carefully and let me look inside the jar. The original brown and white pattern penetrated the carcass and extended from the outside to the inside of the jar. Wow, this is the first time I've seen it. "Have you ever seen a child playing with colored plasticine? Like children playing with mud, craftsmen alternately stack black-and-white or brown-and-white mud, mix them with each other, and then roll it up, cut it up, roll it up and decorate it in the tire. After molding, the texture is changeable, such as wood grain, wild chicken wing grain, feather grain, zigzag grain, group grain and so on. , giving people a dreamy feeling. " Mr. Yuan Aimin, deputy director of Jiaozuo Museum, explained. This porcelain jar was produced in Dangyangyu Kiln, Xiuwu, Jiaozuo. This kind of porcelain is also called twisted tire porcelain, twisted mud porcelain and transparent porcelain, and Jiaozuo people call it flower ink porcelain. This kind of ceramic decoration originated in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty. It is said that it was inspired by the ancient lacquer craft. Dangyangyu kiln twisted tire porcelain hangs transparent glaze or blue glaze, and the pattern is natural and regular. Natural patterns such as flowing water, green hills and lonely smoke in the desert have the charm of Chinese painting splashing ink. Regular patterns are mysterious and dignified, which are closer to people's lives, including feather patterns, straw patterns, flower patterns, wheat ear patterns, vortex patterns, radiation patterns and so on. The twisted tire porcelain has completed the pattern composition between the line changes, and also contains the deep philosophy of the reincarnation of heaven and earth. The image enters the tire mud, and the inside and outside are consistent. The line turns and turns. The mystery of the beginning and the end, the coexistence of realism and freehand brushwork are closely related to China's traditional humanistic thought, which fully shows the unique charm of China ceramic culture. There are few intact twisted porcelain. Mr. Yuan Aimin said: "Dangyang jade twisted pieces in the Song Dynasty can sell dozens of pieces and hundreds of pieces." Throughout the development history of China ceramics, the only thing that can make a fuss about green tires, besides twisted tires, is the blue and white in Jingdezhen and the underglaze color in Liling. Dangyang jade twisted tire is a kind of mud interior and exterior decoration with two or more colors of carcass, which has a short life and is rare in the world. Many people who collect ancient porcelain outside Jiaozuo have never heard of it, let alone seen cultural relics. The kiln is still there. Where are the people who burned it? Why was this wonderful porcelain born in Xiuwu County, Jiaozuo? Jiaozuo belongs to "Hanoi" in the "Three Rivers" area, "Jizhou" in the center of "Kyushu" and "Yang Shan" south of Taihang Mountain. It is the cradle of the Yellow Emperor's unification of the Central Plains, the integration of all ethnic groups and the breeding of Chinese civilization. Xiuwu County is the birthplace of Ningfengzi in Zheng Tao sealed by the Yellow Emperor and the root of China ceramic culture. I wonder how many years before Jingdezhen. Twisted-tire porcelain was created and fired in the Tang Dynasty, mainly produced in Gongxian kiln in Henan and Yaozhou kiln in Shaanxi. After entering the Song Dynasty, Dangyangyu kiln in Xiuwu, Jiaozuo, Henan Province continued to be fired, becoming the heyday of twisted-tire porcelain. Three kilometers away from Jiaozuo city, in the east of Jiaozuo back garden, there is a small village-Dangyangyu Village. There are only a hundred families, and the years are long. At first glance, it looks like an ordinary northern village. But if you walk around the village, you can pick up the ancient porcelain pieces of the Song Dynasty with fine lines on the glaze. Every June and July, heavy rains also wash out ancient porcelain fragments. According to 1933 Xiuwu County Records, there are more than 400 ancient kiln sites in the Song Dynasty exposed on the ground near Dangyangyu, which is a large-scale kiln site with the most diverse styles, the most abundant decorative styles and particularly fine workmanship. There is a desolate yard in the southeast corner of the village. There is a kiln site monument in the courtyard, which is one of the three existing kiln site monuments in China. The other two are in Huangbao Town, Yaozhou, Shaanxi, and Shenmu Town, Yuzhou, Henan. The kiln god named Bailingweng was a magical porcelain maker in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During the Xining period of the Northern Song Dynasty, he was named the Duke of Deying and became a deity in the industry. It is recorded on the tablet of the kiln god that in the fourth year of Song Chongning, that is, 1 105, Dangyangyu people went to Huangbao Town, Yaozhou, Shanxi Province, and respectfully invited the kiln god Bai Lingwengde to set up a temple in Dangyangyu to protect local development. At that time, there were more than 100 kilns in Dangyangyu kiln, and 1 10,000 households made a living from it. There are many kinds of porcelain produced in Dangyangyu Kiln, among which twisted-tire porcelain is particularly important. The pursuit of it in the Song Dynasty was almost "crazy", and dignitaries were proud of having one thing, the other being rich and the third being expensive. After the "Jingkang Rebellion" in the Northern Song Dynasty, the porcelain industry gradually declined, and the twisted porcelain became a "fragrance" in people's memory. After that, Dangyangyu kiln and twisted tire porcelain disappeared into the depths of time. Twisted-tire porcelain has re-entered the world's field of vision because of several "foreigners" who went to China for gold. In 1930s, R.W. Svalow, a famous British collector living in Kaifeng, went to work for a British company in Jiaozuo. He visited the Dangyangyu site and realized the value of the kiln site with an expert's eyes. He also invited Carlbark, a Swedish engineer. They hired local farmers to dig many times, got a lot of porcelain and fragments, took away a lot of cultural relics samples, and published About Jiaozuo Ceramics. 194 1 year, Japanese ceramic expert Fujio saw this article and was amazed at the exquisite Dangyang jade porcelain, and published the article "Xiuwu Kiln in Northern Song Dynasty". Since then, Xiuwu Dangyangyu Kiln has become a minor celebrity in the cultural and artistic circles, and cultural relics dealers have continuously transported the purchased complete wares and porcelain pieces to Beijing. 195 1 and 1962, the Palace Museum sent Chen Wanli, a ceramic expert, and others to Dangyangyu for a field trip. Mr. Chen published "Talking about Dangyangyu Kiln", pointing out: "There is no Song porcelain comparable to Dangyangyu except Quyangding and Lin Ruyou in the north of the Yellow River." From June 5438+00, 2003 to May 2004, Henan Institute of Archaeology conducted the first archaeological excavation of the Dangyang Yuyao site. On May 22, 2004, more than 50 well-known archaeologists at home and abroad gathered at the excavation site of Dangyangyu kiln in Jiaozuo, and once again recognized that "Dangyangyu porcelain kiln can compete with famous porcelain kilns such as Ru kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln". Lost for hundreds of years, who will come back to life? From the Song Dynasty to the 1930s and 1940s, Dangyangyu's porcelain skill of strangulation has been lost for hundreds of years. Incredibly, this technology was revived in Japan and used in pottery. The resurrection is Mount Fuji in Japan. Yamato Hiroshi came to Jiaozuo in the 1930s, but he passed by the site of Dangyangyu ancient porcelain kiln. Because, at that time, Xiao Shan went from Japan to Jiaozuo to inspect the ruins of the ancient kiln in the Song Dynasty in the Yueshan area of western Jiaozuo. At that time, he didn't know the existence of Dangyangyu kiln. A few years later, Carlbark sent him a record of Jiaozuo ceramics, as well as photos of the fragments and some fragments of Dangyang jade twisted tire porcelain, with the intention of letting him have a look at whether this is a long-lost porcelain species in ancient China-twisted tire porcelain. Fujio Hill has an eye for pearls. He felt the unique charm and value of Dangyang jade twisted tire porcelain only through investigation reports and photos, and wrote the article "Xiuwu Kiln in Northern Song Dynasty" to introduce Dangyang jade twisted tire porcelain to Japanese ceramics. It's a little weird. The communication between three foreign experts on ancient ceramics is wrong. Swallow and Carlbark who visited the ancient kiln site in Dangyangyu are just scholars. The Japanese who have never been to the site of Dangyangyu ancient kiln let Dangyangyu strangulation blossom and bear fruit in Japan. Strangulation has finally become a proud technology in Japanese ceramics, and it has a Japanese name-"practice". Among them, Yasunari Matsui and Ito Chishui have the most outstanding artistic achievements. While enjoying international reputation, they are also regarded as "national treasures" by Japan. Compared with Japanese, China is another situation. Due to the archaeological discoveries of experts such as Chen Wanli, the site of Dangyangyu ancient kiln and its historical and cultural value are gradually recognized by people. The porcelain fragments on the surface of the ancient kiln site have been swept away by collectors. However, no one cares about the revival of twisted fetal porcelain art. Until the 1980s, Professor Mei Jianying from the Central Academy of Arts and Crafts and many local enterprises and individuals in Jiaozuo devoted themselves to the revival of twisted-tire porcelain. It's special to bring home the twisted porcelain for free, but it's not surprising that it was born in China. In a country that can play a handful of clay perfectly, twisting porcelain is just a random little game. Strangulation technology was first born in Tang Dynasty, developed to the extreme in Song Dynasty, and gradually declined after Yuan Dynasty. After analysis by experts, it is found that the fragments of the Tang Dynasty's strangulation are closely related to the three colors of the Tang Dynasty in terms of age, kiln mouth, texture, shape and decorative characteristics. Twisted-tire porcelain in Tang dynasty is a noble commodity, which has been handed down very little. Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is a sacrificial offering, which is easy to preserve. The number handed down from generation to generation is much more than that of the Tang dynasty's twisted tire porcelain. After the reunification of the Song Dynasty, the economy developed greatly and kilns were built in various places. Many areas in the north produce twisted tire ceramics. Mr. JASON ZHANG, a Zhengzhou collection expert, told the reporter: "Shandong Zibo also produces twisted tires, but the time is short and the quantity is very small;" The tire grinding process in Baofeng Duandian, Henan Province is relatively rough, which is mainly manifested in the weak color pairs of two or more tire mud and the chaotic colored glaze. Xiuwu Dangyangyu Kiln and its nearby mines and Encun Kiln have the largest number of twisted tires, and the quality and decoration are also the most exquisite. " The manufacturing method of twisted tire porcelain is: black and white tire mud is alternately mixed, folded, coiled, cut, drawn or molded, and then pasted, inlaid and spliced. Beautiful patterns with two or more colors appear on the green body, and then transparent glaze or yellow, green, brown, turquoise blue and tricolor glaze is applied to the green body and fired in the kiln (there are also high-temperature plain firing first, and then fired twice in the kiln). Twisted tire porcelain can be used to twist the tire as a whole, and it can also be pasted on the molded object according to the needs of composition. At present, most of the kiln sites for firing twisted-tire porcelain have been found in Henan. The ground-twisted porcelain seen all over Shandong was introduced from Henan or copied under the influence of Henan. "Dangyang jade twisted tire porcelain has symmetrical and orderly feather patterns, smooth wood grains, flowing water ripples, vivid weaving patterns like straw and bamboo, as well as stripe patterns, stone patterns, leaf patterns, wheat ear patterns, pedicle patterns and vortex patterns. , pioneered the ceramic tire decoration in China. The decoration of the twisted tire is born out of the tire, and its appearance is uniform and colorful, which constitutes the unique rhythm of the twisted tire porcelain. " Mr. Yuan Aimin said. In addition to twisted tire porcelain, there is also a kind of twisted glaze porcelain, which appears almost at the same time. The so-called twisted glazed porcelain is not glaze or twisted makeup soil, but "twisted flower", which is the comprehensive application of various colored materials. It is not difficult to imagine the method of using color, that is, using various special techniques or external forces to make the carcass tilt or rotate at different angles, so that the color material forms a distorted pattern with flowing rhythmic beauty. Common varieties are white glazed black twisted flowers, emerald glazed black twisted flowers, tricolor black twisted flowers, green glazed black twisted flowers and brown glazed twisted flowers. The heyday of Dangyang jade twisted tire porcelain was in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, the official and civilian systems were very prosperous and "harmonious and enchanting". According to Mr. Chen Wanli's analysis, the heyday of Dangyangyu Kiln coincides with the northern porcelain industry in the Northern Song Dynasty. In other words, Dangyangyu Kiln and Yaozhou Kiln in the north are the most developed, and Ding Kiln Ru Kiln has also reached the highest point. Ding porcelain "clouds are steamed as ice as snow" and "agate as glaze and precious as arch wall" are all filled with dignity and beauty that people can overlook. Folk kilns, such as Dangyangyu Kiln, are full of carefree interest. The more simple an artist is, the more beautiful he is. Because of their carelessness, they left a deep beautiful mark. Beyond freedom, reach freedom. Experts commented that twisted tire porcelain has unique cultural characteristics. Both appearance and appearance are called "gentlemen in porcelain", and each piece of twisted-tire porcelain has different decorative patterns, which is interpreted as "gentlemen are harmonious but different" Jiaozuo's collection of Song Dynasty twisted-tire-pattern porcelain jars has a straight mouth, full shoulders, a round belly and short legs. The tire patterns are hard and delicate, and the mouth is white glazed. The rest are brown-white porcelain clay mixed with brown-white peacock feathers. The tank body is composed of upper and lower sections, which makes the patterns of the upper and lower sections staggered, varied and unique. This kind of twisted-tire porcelain with complex technology and unique style is a unique decorative technique of Dangyangyu kiln.