According to the examination, the migration of the Ming Dynasty was basically carried out during the third year of Hongwu (1370) to the fifteenth year of Yongle (14 17). In the past 50 years, the Ming government has left Pingyang in Shanxi for a family of four, two doors for a family of six and three doors for a family of eight. After going through the formalities with Sophora japonica in Hongtong County, Shanxi Province, millions of people immigrated to vast areas of the country. Its time, scale and influence are unprecedented not only in the history of China, but also in the history of world immigration. It had a wide and far-reaching impact on the Ming Dynasty and the subsequent economic and social development.
The ways and steps of migration in Ming Dynasty generally included repatriation, military camp, commercial camp and private operation. According to records, in order to solve the contradiction between the lack of labor force in the wide countryside and the lack of land in the narrow countryside, Zhu Yuanzhang once ordered immigrants, stipulating that all immigrants who cultivate land must have the travel expenses allocated by the court to plow cattle and seeds, which is tax-free for three years. Of course, in the process of immigration, there are also methods of compulsory recruitment and entrapment.
For example, according to folklore, in order to complete the immigration task, the official posted a notice saying that anyone who does not want to move out can "avoid moving out" as long as he explains the situation to the government under the big locust tree. As a result, when thousands of people gathered under the big pagoda tree with the desire to stay in their homeland, the government unexpectedly mobilized a large number of officers and men to surround them at one stroke, and all the people they visited, regardless of sex, age and age, never left. In order to prevent escape, the immigrants were tied up with ropes and connected one by one before being released under the reprimand of officers and men.
According to historical records such as Ming History, Ming History and General Examination of Continued Documents, in the Ming Dynasty, there were large-scale migrations of Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Shanxi Province 10 times, and eight migrations in Yongle, totaling 18 times.
1. Hongwu for six years (1373), traveled to Fengyang, Mintun, Calm down, Shanxi Province (Records of Food Goods in Ming Dynasty).
2. In November of the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), he moved to Shaanxi, resettled the unproductive people in Fengyang and sent people to send winter clothes (Record of Ming Taizu 1 10).
In November of the ninth year of Hongwu, he moved to Shanxi and Tian Fengyang to calm the proletarians (Volume II of Ming History).
3. In May of the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), Shanxi citizens worked for more than 24,000 households and learned that they were still serving the people (A Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 193).
4. In August of the twenty-first year of Hongwu (1388), the landless people who migrated to Ze and Lu States in Shanxi Province went to Linqing, Guide and Taikang. Make it easy to buy a chariot for farming, exempt it from three years' hard labor, and still give it 20 ingots of banknotes for agricultural tools (Record of Ming Taizu 193).
In August of the twenty-first year of Hongwu, Qianze and unemployed people recovered the northern Henan field and gave money for furniture for three years (Volume III of Ming History).
5. In September of the 22nd year of Hongwu (1389), Zhu Rong, commander-in-chief of the later army, played: Shanxi poor people moved to Daming, Guangping and Dongchang, where abel tamata worked for 26,000 hectares (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 193).
6. In the twenty-second year of Hongwu (1389), in September, six families from Qinzhou, Shanxi, said that they were willing to raise money to cultivate the land, and the Ministry heard about it and ordered people to reward him with money ingots. After the delivery, Governor Xu gave it to him (Record of Ming Taizu (volume 197)).
7. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), Shengfeng, Fu Youde Shuai Guo Kai Gong Changsheng and other branches entered Shaanxi, and their nationality was the army. They settled in Datong and Dongsheng and set up Sixteen Guards (Biography of Ming Taizu, Volume III).
In August of the 25th year of Hongwu, Shengfeng and Fu Youde settled in Datong and other places. Counting voters Ding Jiuwei from Pingyang, Taiyuan, Liao, Qin and Fen, and voters Ding Qiwei ... 600 each (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 223).
8. In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), Li Ge and Xu Li returned to Beijing. First of all, life and so on. Tell those who want to move to Zhangde, Shaanxi. In order to repay, there were 598 immigrants in seven governments, including Zhangde, Weihui, Guangping, Daming, Dongchang and Kaifeng Huaiqing (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 223).
9. In the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu (1395), in the first month, 26,600 Jin troops "ma bu" or horse stance just look went to Saibei to build a city to open up wasteland (A Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 236).
10. In the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu (1402), in September, people who moved to Jin without land were given money for five years (Volume 5 of Ming History).
In September of the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu, the Ministry sent officials to verify the hometown of Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Fen and Qin, Ding Duotian Shao and Wu Tian, and divided them into four counties in Peiping (Volume 12 of Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty).
1 1. In August of the first year of Yongle (1403), he was convicted and imprisoned in Beijing to farm for the people. The rest were exonerated, and the staff was woven with armor, and his wife and children were sent to Beijing, Yongping and other counties to farm for the people. The Ritual Department discussed and played: The four chief secretaries of Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan learned from Li Jia (Record of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty, Volume 21) compiled by the chief secretary.
12. In September of the second year of Yongle (1404), he moved to Beiping, Shanxi (Volume 6 of Ming History).
In September of the second year of Yongle, he moved to Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Fen and lived in Beiping (Volume 31 of Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty).
13. In September of the third year of Yongle (1405), he moved to Beiping, Shanxi (Volume 6 of Ming History).
In September of the third year of Yongle, he moved to Taiyuan, Shanxi, and many families in Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Fen and Qin lived in Beiping (Volume 46 of Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty).
14. In the first month of the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Li Mao, an official from Huguang, Shanxi and Shandong counties, and other 2 14 people swore to serve Beijing. Life will be sent to Daoli (Volume 50 of Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty).
15. In May of the fifth year of Yongle (1407), the Ministry of Housing was ordered to go to Shanglinyuan to supervise, raise and plant animals from Pingyang, Lu Ze, Dengfeng, Shandong and Lailai. The Ministry gave Daoli one hundred ingots and five buckets of rations (Volume 59 of Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty).
16. In March of the 12th year of Yongle (14 14), Qin Long was the most important place, and the land was suitable for farming, so it was changed to Qin Long ... while the guilty ones were dismissed (Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty 149).
The original four corners of the state, namely, southeast, southwest, northeast and northwest, are Hong Men, Huangbao, Baimiao, Banqiao, Fuyu and Hongsi, which are called the top ten miles and sent as officials. Yulin, Shuang Ying, Xisang Garden, Nihecha, Xinzhuang, Dongyuan, Lin Bao, Fumin Village, ten miles after the customs clearance, moved to Shaanxi and other places to exile refugees, and each household was divided into 50 mu of fields to grow any food (Volume I of Jiajing Qin Long).
17. In the 14th year of Yongle (14 16), in November, the refugees from Shandong, Shanxi and Huguang were moved to Baoan House, and they were allowed to be rehabilitated for three years (Volume 7 of Ming History).
In November of the 14th year of Yongle, more than 2,300 refugees from Shandong, Shanxi and Huguang moved to Baoan House, where they were exempted from labor for three years (Volume 103 of Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty).
In May of the 15th year of Yongle (14 17), Shenwaishan, Pingyang, Datong, Yuzhou, Guangling, Shanxi and other states said, "This place is cramped, and I don't have enough food and clothing. I request Qinghe River, which is divided into Beijing, Guangping and Ding Yu. From then on, the land rent is still exempted for one year (Record of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty 106).
(What about Zhang? Series)