The origin of 0
Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 0 is a common number in the world. This figure was not created by Arabs, but it can't erase the credit of Arabs.
Arabic numerals originated from Indians and were gradually created by their ancestors in production practice.
In 3000 BC, the number of residents in the Indus Valley was advanced, and the decimal system was adopted. By the Vedic era (65438 BC+0400 BC-543 BC), Aryans had realized the role of numbers in production activities and daily life, and created some simple and incomplete numbers. In the 3rd century BC, a complete set of numbers appeared in India, but there were different writing styles in different places, among which Brahmanism was the typical one. Its uniqueness lies in that each number has a special symbol from 1 ~ 9, from which modern numbers are born. At that time, "0" had not appeared. It was not until the Gupta era (300-500 years) that there was a "0", which was called "Shunya", expressing a black dot "●" and later evolved into "0". This produces a complete set of figures. This is the great contribution of the ancient Indian people to world culture.
Indian figures first spread to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia and other countries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, with the rise of the Arab Empire across Asia, Africa and Europe, Arabs eagerly absorbed the advanced cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, India and other countries and translated a large number of their scientific works. In 77 1 year, Indian astronomer and traveler Maoka visited Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Dynasty of the Arab Empire (750- 1258), and presented an Indian astronomical work Sidan Tower to the then caliph Mansour (757-775), who translated it into Arabic and named it Sindh. There are many numbers in this book, so it is called "Indian Numbers", which means "from India".
Arabian mathematicians Hua Lazimi (about 780-850) and Haibosh first accepted Indian numerals and used them in astronomical tables. They gave up their 28 letters, revised and perfected them in practice, and introduced them to the west without reservation. At the beginning of the 9th century, Hua Lazimi published "India Counting Algorithm", and expounded Indian numbers and their application methods.
Indian numerals replaced the long and clumsy Roman numerals, which spread in Europe and were opposed by some Christians, but proved to be better than Roman numerals in practice. 1202 The Calculation Book published by Leonardo in Italy marked the beginning of the use of Indian numerals in Europe. Chapter *** 15 of the book says: "The nine numbers in India are' 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1', and any number can be represented by these nine numbers and the symbol' 0' called sifr (zero) by Arabs."
As we all know, the basis of mathematical calculation is Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. Without these figures, we can't calculate. In fact, these Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs, but originated in ancient India, and were later mastered, improved and spread to the west by Arabs, who called them Arabic numerals. Since then, the whole world has agreed with this statement.
Arabic numerals were gradually created by ancient Indians in their production practice.
In ancient India, urban construction needed design and planning, and sacrifices needed to calculate the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, so mathematical calculation came into being. Around 3000 BC, the number of residents in the Indus Valley was relatively advanced, and the decimal calculation method was adopted.
By the third century BC, a complete set of numbers appeared in India, but the writing in different regions was not completely consistent. Brahmanism was the most representative: this set of numbers was widely used at that time. Its characteristic is that every number from "1" to "9" has a special word. Modern numbers are derived from this set of numbers. In this set of numbers, the symbol "0" (zero) has not yet appeared. The number "0" did not appear until Gupta Dynasty (320-550 AD). The symbol "0" was already used in the mathematical book "The Manual of the Sun" completed in the 4th century A.D., when it was only a solid dot. Later, the dot evolved into a small circle "0". In this way, a set of numbers from "1" to "0" tends to be perfect. This is the great contribution of the ancient Indian people to world culture.
Indian figures first spread to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia and other neighboring countries of India.
In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Arab Empire spanned Asia, Africa and Europe. While the Arab Empire expanded around, Arabs also absorbed the advanced cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, India and other countries and translated a large number of scientific works from these countries. In 77 1 A.D., an Indian traveler, Maoka, made a long journey to Baghdad, the capital of Abbasid Dynasty of Arab Empire. Maoka dedicated an Indian astronomical work "Sidanta" that he carried with him to the then caliph (king) Mansour. Mansour cherished the book very much and ordered the translator to translate it into Arabic. Translated into Sindh Sindh Sindh. This book uses a lot of Indian figures. As a result, Indian numbers were absorbed and adopted by Arabs.
Since then, Arabs have gradually given up the original 28 letters as a symbol of calculation, and widely used Indian numerals, and in practice, they have also modified and improved Indian numerals to make them easier to write.
When Arabs got hold of Indian figures, they soon introduced them to Europeans. It was very inconvenient for Europeans in the Middle Ages to use long Roman numerals when counting. Therefore, as soon as the simple and clear Indian figures spread to Europe, they were welcomed by Europeans. However, in the beginning, Indian numerals replaced Roman numerals, but they were strongly opposed by the Christian church because they came from the knowledge of "pagans". But practice has proved that the Indian figure is far superior to the Roman figure.
1202, Italy published an important mathematical book, The Book of Calculations, which widely used Indian numerals improved by Arabs, which marked the beginning of using new numerals in Europe. This book is divided into fifteen chapters. The first chapter reads: "The nine numbers in India are' 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1'. Any number can be represented by these nine numbers and the symbol' 0' called' zero' by Arabs. "
With the passage of time, China printing spread to Europe in the14th century, which accelerated the popularization and application of Indian numerals in Europe. Indian numbers are gradually adopted by all Europeans.
Westerners accepted the Indian figures from Arabia, but ignored the ancient Indians at that time and regarded them only as the achievements of Arabs, so they called them Arabic figures, which have been passed down to this day.
Author: isolated from the world, 2007-6- 17 02:07 reply to this speech.
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Reply: 0 The origin of Arabic numerals
(Arabic numerals) the origin and history of names
I. Origin of the name "Arabic numerals"
When the Persian Empire conquered India, it was introduced into Arabian Peninsula. With the rise of the Great Food Empire, the digital system spread from Arabia to Spain. Europeans thought it was invented by Arabs, so it was called "Arabic numerals". But now it is renamed "Indian Arabic numerals". But most people are still used to calling it Arabic numerals.
Second, a brief introduction to history
Arabic numerals were invented by Indians, whose mathematical level is the highest in the world. The Persian Empire conquered India, and the Arabic numerals we use now were invented by Indians in the third century BC.
Around 825 AD, a Persian mathematician wrote a math book, and the number system used in the book adopted this number system. It was not until 1 120 that the book was translated into Latin, which made Arabic numerals popular throughout Europe and played a role in replacing Roman numerals. But it was not until the fifteenth century that the writing of Arabic numerals was determined, which is the same as what we see today.
The Arabic numerals seen today are symbols from 0 to 9, consisting of ten symbols. Because of the neat arrangement, it is convenient for a lot of complicated operations. And because of the great increase of European national strength after the industrial revolution, Arabic numerals are widely used in the world and become a global digital system. In the early days, other number systems had symbols representing 10, but there was no 0. Arabic numerals are 0 ~ 9, and adding 0 can clearly indicate the difference between different digits, such as 205,250. This makes it easier for people to perform multiplication and division operations and easy to check for errors. It is precisely because of this numerical system notation that mathematics has developed rapidly and laid the scientific foundation today.
Testimony: Although Arabic numerals seem simple,
But it is necessary for our mathematics and is used all over the world.
An indispensable invention in life.
Author: Isolated 2007-6- 17 02:09 Reply to this speech
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Reply: 0 The origin of Arabic numerals
Was the Arabic numeral 0 invented by Indians?
Around 500 AD, with the rise and development of economy, culture and Buddhism, Punjab in the northwest of Indian subcontinent has been in a leading position in mathematics. Astronomer Ayepihite made a new breakthrough in simplifying numbers: he recorded the numbers with a grid. If there is a symbol in the first grid, such as a point representing 1, then the same point in the second grid represents ten, and the point in the third grid represents one hundred. In this way, not only the digital symbols themselves, but also their position order is of great significance. Later, Indian scholars introduced the symbol zero. It can be said that these symbols and representations are the old ancestors of Arabic numerals today.
Two hundred years later, the Arabs unified under Islam conquered the neighboring nationalities and established the Saracen Empire, which started from India in the east and went to Africa and Spain in the west. Later, this great Islamic empire split into two countries, East and West. Because the kings of these two countries have rewarded culture and art, the capitals of both countries are very prosperous, with Baghdad in the east, Greek culture in the west and Indian culture in the east all gathering here. Arabs understand and digest two cultures, thus creating a unique Arab culture.
About 700 years ago, Arabs turned their eyes to Punjab, and they were surprised to find that the mathematics in the conquered areas was more advanced than them. In what way can these advanced mathematics be moved to Arabia?
In 77 1 year, mathematicians from northern India were captured in Baghdad, Arabia, and forced to teach local people new mathematical symbols and systems, as well as Indian-style calculation methods (that is, the calculation methods we use now). Because Indian numerals and Indian counting methods are simple and convenient, their advantages far exceed other calculation methods. Arab scholars are willing to learn these advanced knowledge, and businessmen are willing to do business in this way.
Later, Arabs introduced this figure to Spain. In 10 century, it was spread to other European countries by Pope Gelber Auriac. Around 1200, European scholars formally adopted these symbols and systems. In the13rd century, at the initiative of Fibonacci, a mathematician in Pisa, Italy, ordinary Europeans also began to adopt Arabic numerals, which was quite common in the15th century. At that time, the shape of Arabic numerals was not exactly the same as that of modern Arabic numerals, but they were relatively close. Many mathematicians have spent a lot of effort to make them become the writing methods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 today.
Arabic numerals originated in India, but spread to all directions through Arabs, which is why they were later called Arabic numerals.
Author: isolated from the world 2007-6-1702:11reply to this statement.
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Reply: 0 The origin of Arabic numerals
Words: Arabic numerals
Athena Chu
Interpretation: The internationally accepted numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
The ancient Indians invented ten numerical symbols, including "zero", and also invented the decimal method of location counting, which is widely used now. Because of position counting, the same digital symbol can represent different values because of different positions. If a digit has no number, write "0" on it. The application of "0" makes the decimal method more perfect and of great significance. Ten numerical symbols were later spread to Europe by Arabs, and were mistakenly called Arabic numerals by Europeans. Because the decimal method is used for counting, Arabic numerals are simple in strokes, convenient to write and clear in appearance, especially when used for written calculation, which is very convenient for calculation. Therefore, with the development of history, Arabic numerals have gradually become popular in various countries and become universal numbers in the world.
supplement
The oldest meter is about 3 at most. In order to imagine the number "4", it is necessary to add 2 and 2. 5 is 2 plus 2 plus 1, and 3 is 2 plus 1. It's probably too late to use five fingers to indicate the number 5 and two fingers to indicate the number 10. This principle is actually the basis of our calculation. The count in Rome is only V (that is, 5) at most, and the number within X (that is, 10) is a combination of V(5) and other numbers. X is a combination of two V's, and the same digital symbol has different quantities according to its positional relationship with other digital symbols. In this way, the concept of digital position began, and this important contribution in mathematics should be attributed to the ancient residents of the two river basins. Later, the ancients improved on this basis and invented ten symbols 1234567890 to represent numbers, which became the basis of our counting today. In the eighth century, the oldest zero-symbol engraving record appeared in India. At that time, zero was the first.
Open classification:
Mathematics, Arabic numerals
Contributor:
Guide to success, f03055, xxhcn2003, fjd0 105, carefree solo.
This entry is mentioned in the following entries:
Abacus, steam locomotive, 5, 2, Xu Liewu, nippon decimal classification, Q9 Technology Holding Co., Ltd., Hualing, Poker Museum, Digital, skull and bones, Shao Jiayi, Train Number, Telegraph, Red Printing, Double-color Covering Small Print, 4 points, official document processing method of state administrative organs, Arabic culture, Rubik's Cube, digital trademark, China administrative law practical code, China Go competition rules, ancient civilization, etc. & gt
Comments on this item (***2 articles):
8 wrong, 8 wrong
Usually, we call 1, 2,3,4 ... 9,0 "Arabic numerals". In fact, these numbers were not created by Arabs. They first appeared in ancient India. But why do people call it "Arabic numerals"? It is said that as early as the 7th century, Arabs gradually conquered other peoples around them and established the Great Empire of Sarrasin, stretching from India in the east to North Africa and Spain in the west. Later, this great empire split into two countries, East and West. Because successive monarchs of the two countries attached importance to culture and art, the capitals of the two countries were very prosperous. ...
Author: isolated from the world 2007-6- 17 02: 15 reply to this speech.
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Reply: 0 The origin of Arabic numerals.
Words: Arabic numerals
Athena Chu
Interpretation: The internationally accepted numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
The ancient Indians invented ten numerical symbols, including "zero", and also invented the decimal method of location counting, which is widely used now. Because of position counting, the same digital symbol can represent different values because of different positions. If a digit has no number, write "0" on it. The application of "0" makes the decimal method more perfect and of great significance. Ten numerical symbols were later spread to Europe by Arabs, and were mistakenly called Arabic numerals by Europeans. Because the decimal method is used for counting, Arabic numerals are simple in strokes, convenient to write and clear in appearance, especially when used for written calculation, which is very convenient for calculation. Therefore, with the development of history, Arabic numerals have gradually become popular in various countries and become universal numbers in the world.
supplement
The oldest meter is about 3 at most. In order to imagine the number "4", it is necessary to add 2 and 2. 5 is 2 plus 2 plus 1, and 3 is 2 plus 1. It's probably too late to use five fingers to indicate the number 5 and two fingers to indicate the number 10. This principle is actually the basis of our calculation. The count in Rome is only V (that is, 5) at most, and the number within X (that is, 10) is a combination of V(5) and other numbers. X is a combination of two V's, and the same digital symbol has different quantities according to its positional relationship with other digital symbols. In this way, the concept of digital position began, and this important contribution in mathematics should be attributed to the ancient residents of the two river basins. Later, the ancients improved on this basis and invented ten symbols 1234567890 to represent numbers, which became the basis of our counting today. In the eighth century, the oldest zero-symbol engraving record appeared in India. At that time, zero was the first.
Open classification:
Mathematics, Arabic numerals
Contributor:
Guide to success, f03055, xxhcn2003, fjd0 105, carefree solo.
This entry is mentioned in the following entries:
Abacus, steam locomotive, 5, 2, Xu Liewu, nippon decimal classification, Q9 Technology Holding Co., Ltd., Hualing, Poker Museum, Digital, skull and bones, Shao Jiayi, Train Number, Telegraph, Red Printing, Double-color Covering Small Print, 4 points, official document processing method of state administrative organs, Arabic culture, Rubik's Cube, digital trademark, China administrative law practical code, China Go competition rules, ancient civilization, etc. & gt
Comments on this item (***2 articles):
8 wrong, 8 wrong
Usually, we call 1, 2,3,4 ... 9,0 "Arabic numerals". In fact, these numbers were not created by Arabs. They first appeared in ancient India. But why do people call it "Arabic numerals"? It is said that as early as the 7th century, Arabs gradually conquered other peoples around them and established the Great Empire of Sarrasin, stretching from India in the east to North Africa and Spain in the west. Later, this great empire split into two countries, East and West. Because successive monarchs of the two countries attached importance to culture and art, the capitals of the two countries were very prosperous. ...