Below I will introduce the books of Qin and Han dynasties one by one!
History:
A total of 130 volumes, written by Sima Qian in Han Dynasty. The 520,000-word Historical Records began with the legendary Five Emperors and ended in the last year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It has a history of more than three thousand years. The book is slightly shorter than the pre-Qin period and more detailed than the Qin and Han dynasties. The history from the Reform of Shang Yang in Qin Dynasty to the last years of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty accounts for about three-fifths of the book.
Historical sources of Historical Records are very extensive, including not only pre-Qin documents and archives, but also what Sima Qian saw and heard in his own travels. The stories of some characters in the Han dynasty in the book were even learned by Sima Qian's personal contact. On this basis, Sima Qian chose the good by examining the letter, and when the book is a book, it is correct, suspicious or lacking. Liu Xiang, Yang Xiong and other well-known scholars in the Han Dynasty all think that his history is good, and that "the text is straight, the core is not empty, and there is no evil hidden, so it is called record." As a large general history.
Historical Records is very rich in content. All laws, regulations and major events in the political, economic, ideological and cultural fields, as well as astronomical geography, local customs, ethnic relations, and even the social conditions of neighboring countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia are reflected in the book. Most of the historical figures recorded in it, from emperors and generals to rangers, businessmen, doctors and doctors, are vivid and constitute a colorful picture of social life.
In the process of its circulation, Historical Records has its shortcomings as well as its supplements. It was Wei Hong of the Eastern Han Dynasty who first put forward the lack of Historical Records.
Ban Gu said in "Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty" that "there are ten historical records missing, and there are records without books".
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhang listed ten lost articles, namely, Ji of Emperor Jing, Ji of Emperor Wu, Book of Rites, Le Shu, The Book of War (according to the law), Chronicle of Generals since the Han Dynasty, Family of Three Kings, Biographies of Japanese People and Biography of Tortoise. He also pointed out that the Ji of Emperor Wu, Three Kings' Family, Biography of Turtle and Biography of Japanese were supplements to the harmony between Yuan and Chu. Later generations have different opinions about Zhang Yan. It is generally believed that ten articles were not completely lost, and Chu did not make up four articles. All the successful bidders in this edition are "Mr. Chu said", although they lack historical knowledge and literary talent.
Other addenda include Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, Feng Shang, Wei Heng, Yang Xiong, Shi Cen, Shen Liang, Si Ren, Jin Feng, Duan Su, Ze Dan, Yan Feng, Wei Rong, Xiao Fen and Liu Yao. And the content of supplements is hard to find.
The first person who annotated Historical Records was Dong Du Yan, who wrote a volume of Historical Records and died young. Since then, Guangxu and Peiqian in Jin Dynasty have been born one after another, and Xu Ziru, Wang Yuan, Chen Boxuan, Xu Jian, Li Zhen, Liu Bozhuang, Dou Qun, Pei Anshi, Sima Zhen and Zhang Shoujie in Tang Dynasty have all annotated Historical Records, but only Peiqian's 80-volume Collection of Historical Records has survived to this day. Pei pays attention to interpretation, Sima pays equal attention to meaning and sound, and Zhang Zhu is the most careful, especially in geography. Each of the three annotated books has its own way, which has been circulated under the text of Historical Records in the Northern Song Dynasty, forming the appearance of today's edition and bringing a lot of convenience to readers.
Hanshu:
A total of 120 volumes, written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is China's first biographical dynastic history.
On the basis of absorbing the achievements of Records of the Historian, Hanshu made corrections and supplements. For example, Hui Di Ji supplemented the influential systems and decrees at that time. Biographies of the Tombs, Kuai Tong, Jia Shan were added, and Zhang Qian's deeds were taken from Biography of Wei Generals, which was expanded and set up as a special biography. In addition, in the biographies of Jia Yi, Chao Cuo and Han Anguo, many imperial edicts were added. For example, Jia Yi's Public Security Policy, Chao Cuo's Talking about Military Affairs and Recruiting People for Migration are particularly famous. It is an important feature of Hanshu to quote imperial edicts and memorials completely.
In addition, the biographies of frontier ethnic minorities are also quite rich. Ban Gu has made many breakthroughs in the writing of local chronicles and historical tables, which shows his erudition. For example, The List of Hundred Officials is the earliest existing outline of the official system in Qin and Han Dynasties. Although the details are not clear, they are extremely necessary.
For example, the five chronicles of criminal law, geography, five elements, literature and art, and diet are all original works, which are required reading materials to discuss the legal system, geographical evolution, astronomical meteorology and biological variation, the origin of ancient books in Qin and Han dynasties, and the financial and economic situation in Qin and Han dynasties, and have high historical value.
For the history after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Ban Gu not only refers to Ban Biao's Biography of Historical Records, but also draws on the research results of Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, Yang Xiong and Feng Shang. For example, Liu Xiang's Ode to the Emperor Gaozu was used in Ji of Emperor Gaozu, Yi was born out of Liu Xin's Seven Views, while Ji of Sacrifice in the Suburb was partially used in He Chan Bu Shu, and Zhang Tang's Biography quoted a case story. Rich in content and well-organized in narrative.
Biography of Wang Mang is the most basic historical material to study the history of the new dynasty. Compared with the History of the East View and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it beautifies Liu Xiu's condemnation of Wang Mang intentionally or unintentionally. The biography of Han Shu is objective and informative, and more and more valuable. Influenced by orthodox Confucianism, Ban Gu abides by the feudal ethics and believes in destiny. He can't be as frank and outspoken as Sima Qian, but he avoided it. However, he can't help but be influenced by the tradition of historians' straight books, so he dare not take the historical facts written in Historical Records lightly, and can reflect all kinds of phenomena in the Western Han Dynasty with twists and turns. We must pay attention to this contradictory psychology and behavior in reading.
There are many ancient words and sayings in Hanshu, which are difficult to understand. There are many people taking notes on it.
According to the strictness theory quoted in Hanshu Annotation, strictness simultaneously writes the sound and meaning of Historical Records. But it is known that the earliest annotations in Hanshu are Ying Shao and Fu Qian. Although their works "The Sound and Meaning of Hanshu" have all been lost, there are many quotations in Tang Yan's notes of Shigu, which can be used for a glimpse. Yan Shigu, based on his uncle You Qin's "Han Shu Jueyi", collected 23 theories since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and has been commenting in Han Shu, becoming the most popular annotation in the past dynasties. Yan Zhu has been used in all the books handed down to this day in Hanshu.
Were:
A total of 90 volumes, written by Ye Fan (398-445) in the Southern Song Dynasty. After finishing the Biography of the Later Han Dynasty, Ye Fan and Xie Yan co-wrote five chronicles: Rite and Music, Clothing, Five Elements, Astronomy and Counties.
The county records actually include hundreds of officials. Nan Qitan wrote ten poems, and his "Guan Bai" was integrated with Zhou Jun according to Ye Fan. On the day of Ye Fan's imprisonment, Xie Yanyan destroyed the manuscript for fear of being implicated, leaving the model incomplete.
Before Sample Book, there were no fewer than ten books about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, namely, the Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Book of Xie Cheng's Later Han Dynasty, the Book of Xue Ying's Later Han Dynasty, the Book of Sima Biao's Later Han Dynasty, the Book of Qiao Hua's Later Han Dynasty, the Book of Xie Shen's Later Han Dynasty and the Book of Yuan's Later Han Dynasty. Ye Fan took The History of the East View of Han History and Hua Tuo's books as the main blueprints, took the strengths of each school, simplified the complex, sorted out the stories, and came from behind.
Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Shu Fan replaced the remaining Han Ji of Dongguan, and was called "Three Histories" together with Historical Records and Han Shu, while all the Dongguan histories were lost one after another except Yuan Hongji. Therefore, sample books have become the most important historical books for studying the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty" aims at "the gains and losses of the positive generation", and is composed of many aims to distinguish between praise and criticism.
For example, Wang Chong, Wang Fu and Zhong Changtong are listed as biographies, commending the deeds of the three thinkers who degraded themselves to state affairs with cloth needles. Guo Tai, Fu Rong and Xu Shao are also listed as biographies to highlight the knowledge of the three scholars. And made biographies for Deng Biao, yu zhang, Xu Fang, Sharla Cheung and Hu Guang, in order to ridicule these five mediocre and smooth bureaucrats.
Don't set up biographies of Xiaoyi, Danggu, Wen Yuan, Dudu, Fang Shu, Yimin, Martyr, Official, etc., to describe different social classes and different types of representatives, and to describe the social outlook of the Eastern Han Dynasty from different angles.
Because of Shu Fan's emphasis on literary talent and conciseness, some historical events and specific facts of laws and regulations are hidden, which need to be supplemented from the lost articles in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the History of Dongguan Lost.
Sima Biao's "Continued Han" is a revised version of Qiao Zhou's "Han Dong Guan", especially for the historical events of the Eastern Han Dynasty below the second emperor of Anshun. After the Yongjia Rebellion, the sixth biography of Continued Han Shu continued to disappear, and only eight records were well preserved, which became an important part of Han Shu in the future.
In the Annals of Han Dynasty, Guan Bai, Yu Fu and county annals are the most important.
The record of Guan Bai can make up for the deficiency of Guan Bai's official list in Han Dynasty. It is an indispensable material for studying the official system in Qin and Han Dynasties. Based on Liu Xiu's customization, officials, generals, Zhu Qing and county officials are arranged in order, and the number, positions and origins of officials are sorted out, with an example of Guan Bai's official salary attached. In the evolution of Qin officials, only The Book of Songs and The Record of Hundred Officials can make up for it.
The annals of counties and countries can be compared with the Annals of Geography of Han Dynasty to show the evolution of geography.
Yu Fu Zhi, which was absent in history and Han Dynasty, originated from Dong Guan Han Ji Che Fu Yi, which is the main basis for studying the clothing and che Yu system in Qin and Han Dynasties, and is of special significance for studying the cultural history and social history of Qin and Han Dynasties.
However, Sima Biao's desire for food and works of art failed to reflect the economic system and literary and historical classics of a generation.
Shortly after the publication of the sample book, Liu Zhao, a Southern Dynasty man, annotated it, and selected eight pieces of the Book of Continued Han, which were analyzed into thirty volumes and annotated side by side. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Xian, prince of Zhang Huai, wrote a note for Shu Fan, which was popular all over the world because it was not written by Ye Fan. So, Shu Fan lived alone in the world again, and Liu Zhu died with him. In the first year of Ganxing in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1o22), Sun Ying suggested that the annotation of Fan Chuan and the continued annotation should be combined into one book. Since then, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty has formed a volume of 120.
Reflection:
Sixty-five volumes, written by Chen Shou in the Western Jin Dynasty. The History of the Three Kingdoms includes 30 volumes of Shu Wei, 15 volumes of Shu Shu and 20 volumes of Wu Shu, which records many historical events in the late Han Dynasty and a large number of historical events in the Three Kingdoms.
Han Ji:
A total of 30 volumes, the Eastern Han Dynasty Xun Yue (the first chronicle. Xun Yue was born in Zhongyu, Yin Ying, Yingchuan (now Xuchang, Henan).
In the third year of Jian 'an (AD 198), according to the style of Zuo Zhuan, the abridgement of Hanshu was completed in two years. It is said that this book is "detailed in words and agreements, beautifully demonstrated" and "easy to learn and use". People in the Tang Dynasty once regarded Historical Records, Hanshu and Han Ji as a discipline. Since the publication of Purple Tongzhi Sword, its influence has been declining and almost disappeared.
Post-Han Dynasty:
A total of 30 volumes, written by Justin in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Different from the abridged Han Shu in Han Ji, Yuan Zhen's book was written earlier than the model book, and many materials in the book are closer to the original materials, so it has high historical value. Yuan Zhen's fine words, however, have not been absorbed by many model books, which can often make up for the mistakes and shortcomings of model books.
In addition to the above two periods, the Qin and Han parts of Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian can not be ignored. Although its historical materials are basically from the first four histories and the Han Dynasty, they are concise and to the point, which is an introductory book for beginners to familiarize themselves with the history of Qin and Han Dynasties. Hu Sansheng's annotations, with both sound and meaning, accurate textual research and detailed geographical history comments, are important reference materials for researchers.
Sanfu Huang Tu:
The author is anonymous. Sui Shu called it one volume, Zhai Jun Du Shu called it three volumes, and Shu Lu called it two volumes. This book consists of six volumes, including the geographical evolution, urban layout, entrance to the palace, parting hall of the palace que, the face of the Han tomb, and sacrificial ceremonies in Xianyang and Chang 'an areas during the Qin and Han Dynasties. This is a precious material for studying the historical geography of Xianyang and Chang 'an in Qin and Han Dynasties.
The National Records of Huayang:
Twelve volumes, written by Changqu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This is the earliest existing local chronicles in China. This book, with one to four volumes, mainly focuses on geography and outlines the historical and geographical evolution of Liang, Yi and Ning. Volumes 5-9 describe the history of Gongsun Shu, Ada, Liu Zhang and his son, Shu Han and Cheng Han, and the history of Bashu during the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty. 10 to 12 are biographies of "wise men and women" in the Three Kingdoms from the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Jin Dynasty. Most of the books about Qin and Han dynasties are not found in biographical history books. Therefore, this book is a rare and important work to study the historical geography of Qin and Han dynasties and the local history of Bashu.
Shuijing notes:
Forty volumes, written by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty. This book has been extensively revised and supplemented on the basis of Han's Notes on Water Classics, and described 1252 rivers and waterways in detail, and discussed the geographical situation and historical evolution of mountains, rivers, cities and Guanjin in the areas where the waterways flow, as well as ancient buildings, stone tablets, people's stories, folk songs, myths and legends, etc. The content is very rich. Among them, there are many descriptions of the history, geography and folk customs of Qin and Han Dynasties, and more than 400 books can be cited by biography, including a number of lost articles on the history of Qin and Han Dynasties, which have preserved precious historical materials for the study of the history of Qin and Han Dynasties.
Dong Guan Han Ji: about 143 articles, written by Ban Gu, Serina Liu and Cai Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is China's first official contemporary history. Han Ji was written by Ban Gu, Chen Zong, Yin Min and Meng Yi, accompanied by biographies of ancestors and heroes, with 28 articles recorded by Xin Shi, Lin Ping, Gongsun Shu and Xiao Wei. During the Andi period, Liu Zhen was named "Han Ji" because he wrote to Dong twice. His works include records, tables, biographies of famous officials, biographies of scholars, biographies of scholars and biographies of consorts. During the reign of Emperor Huan, Bian Shao took the lead in writing Biography of Mu Chong, Biography of Shunlie Empress, Biography of An Siyan, Scholars, Guan Baibiao and Official Biography. At this time, Han Ji has 1 14 articles. Later, presided over by Fu Wuji, he compiled Wang Biao, Prince Biao, Hero Biao, Enze Hou Biao, Nandan Jade Biography, Xiqiang Biography, and Geographical Biography, so the style was very complete. During the Lingdi period, Cai Yong presided over the compilation of Zhaohui, Che Fu, Law Li and other chronicles twice, and continued to make biographies. At the end of Han Dynasty, Cai Yong was punished, and the compilation of Han Ji came to an end. Since Liu Zhenqi, this book has been written mainly in Dongguan, so Liu Zhao called it "The History of the East View" at the beginning of Zhu Jing in Shui Yuan, and Sui Zhi used this name, which has been passed down to this day. Han Ji of Dongguan is a relatively primitive material in the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Six kinds of Han officials:
A total of ten volumes, Qing Sun Xing Yan series, income "Ping Jin Museum Series". The books he compiled are as follows.
"Han Guan", a volume, the author and the year of writing are also unknown. The content focuses on the number and grade of officials, and the mileage of counties and counties from Beijing is also recorded.
"Hanshu Official Interpretation" Volume 1. Formerly known as "Han Guan Pian in Primary School", it consists of three chapters, which was written by Wang Long during the Jianwu period. His book, with the standpoint of connecting the inside and outside, touched the four foreigners and had a wide influence on society at that time.
There are two volumes of Nine Meanings of Hanshu and two volumes of Addendum. The original book has four volumes, written by Wei Hongyilang in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This book not only talks about the official system, but also involves many etiquette, such as hometown, ancestral temple, spring mulberry, high-five, worship to heaven and so on. This book is one of the six books and has high historical value.
Han Guan Yi, Volume II. Originally written by Ying Shao, a guard of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there are ten volumes in all. When the capital was moved to Xu, the old chapter lost Xun Yue's introduction, and the secretary was rare, so Ying Shao sorted out the old news and wrote this book. Among all the works of Han officials, this one is the most systematic, and the lost historical materials are of the highest value.
Selected knighthood ceremonies in Han Dynasty, Volume 1. Referred to as "Han Guan Dian Zhi", or "Han Guan Dian Yi". Originally two volumes, written by Cai Weiwei in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Miscellaneous notes on official system and writing audience ceremony.
"Hanyi" is a volume written by Wu Taishi and Ding Fu. Compared with other books, it is short, not widely circulated and little known.
These six books are the most primitive and rich records of official ceremonies in the Han Dynasty, which can make up for the shortcomings of Han Shu Guan Bai's Official Records and Han Xu Bai Shu's Official Records, and should be paid enough attention to.
Shuo Wen Jie Zi:
A total of 30 volumes, written by Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is the first word book in China to systematically analyze glyphs and determine etymology, which has important reference value for the study of ancient literature.
Dialect:
A total of fifteen volumes, written by Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty. It is the first dialect dictionary in China. There are only thirteen volumes left in Guo Pu's notes today, which will be supplemented by later generations. The book not only explains dialects in the common language of the Han Dynasty, but also reflects the historical facts of social life in the Han Dynasty, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, customs and people's feelings.
Explanation of name:
A total of eight volumes, written by Liu Qian in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is the first exegesis book in China that uses sound to explain the meaning of words. There are twenty-seven articles in the book, which are divided into heaven, earth, mountains, water, hills, roads, states, shapes, looks, young and old, relatives, words, diet, silk picking, decorations, clothes, palaces, bed curtains, books and agreements, rituals, utensils, musical instruments, soldiers, cars, boats, diseases, funerals and so on.
Urgent article:
The History of Western Han Dynasty consists of 3 1 chapters. This is a book about childhood. This chapter is the beginning, and the last six chapters describe surnames, with a total of 1 13 surnames; Chapter 18 of "Things" covers tools and daily utensils, weapons and chariots and horses, clothes and shoes, buildings and indoor furnishings, human physiology and diseases, medicines, crop names, flowers, birds, insects, fish and animals. The criminal law has three chapters; Chapter two: Syrian officials and geography; The last chapter ends with praise for Hand. This book reflects a wide range of society, from which we can learn a lot of useful information about the social history of the Han Dynasty.
Newspeak:
There are twelve articles in two volumes, written by Lu Jia. The book takes Huang Lao's thought as the core, absorbs some Confucian thoughts, and emphasizes inaction, unified government orders, selecting talents and appointing people, and advocating benevolence.
New book:
Also known as Jiazi, written by Jia Yi. This edition has a total of 15 volumes, with 58 articles in total (lacking "Wen Xiao" and "Li Rong Yu"). The book puts forward people-oriented, rational distribution of taxes, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, strengthening the restriction on vassal States and related safeguard measures, which is an important material for studying the history of the early Han Dynasty and Jia Yi's thought. The original has also been altered, and the authenticity is mixed. Please pay attention to it.
Huainanzi:
Also known as Huainan Lie Hong. There are 2 internal articles1article and 23 external articles in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals. This version contains only internal chapters. Liu An, the king of Huainan, invited scholars to compile this book together, focusing on Taoism and taking the theories of Confucianism, Buddhism, Yin and Yang as well as the five elements. This book is a masterpiece of Liu's attempt to maintain the feudal regime in Wenjing period, which has high reference value for understanding the political struggle between the court and the local government.
The story of Spring and Autumn Annals:
Seventeen volumes and eighty-two articles, written by Dong Zhongshu. Its main content should still be Dong Zhongshu's thought. Dong Zhongshu, under the guidance of Gongyang Studies in the Spring and Autumn Period, put forward a series of ideas to maintain "great unity", and combined with the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, established a new system of "heaven-man interaction", "divine right of monarch" and "three cardinal guides and five permanents" which met the needs of feudal rulers at that time, and had a far-reaching impact. This book is an important material to understand the ideological and political situation in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.
White Tiger Yi Tong:
White Tiger Tong, also known as White Tiger Tong De Lun, consists of four volumes, which closely combines Confucianism with prophetic superstition and further deifies Confucianism. This is one of the most basic historical materials to study the ideological history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Generally speaking:
Thirty volumes in all, written by Wang Chong. There are eighty-five books, of which none are recorded in Invitation. Wang Chong was a famous materialist atheist thinker in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was well-read and studious. He mercilessly attacked the prevailing divination superstition and idealism theological thought at that time. Wang Chong is well versed in the history of the Han Dynasty, and often uses this to explain his ideas. At the same time, he also mentioned different social trends of thought at that time, so this book is a useful material for studying the social history of the Han Dynasty.
Potential husband theory:
A total of 36 articles, written by Wang Fu. This book emphasizes the people-oriented thought and demands to change the situation of monopoly politics of aristocratic families in order to achieve the purpose of revitalizing the Han Dynasty. This is an important historical material to understand the political and social situation in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Shen Jian:
A total of five volumes, by Xun yue. This book abides by traditional Confucianism, but opposes superstitious divination, advocates the combination of morality and punishment, and restricts mergers to ease social contradictions. The book also strongly advocates binding the powerful ministers and maintaining the feudal hierarchical order in order to strengthen the imperial power. This is another important material to study the thought of the late Han Dynasty.
Huan Kuan, editor-in-chief of the Western Han Dynasty, wrote the book "On Salt and Iron" in ten volumes and sixty articles. The first to forty-first sections briefly introduce Xun Yue, describing the formal debate of the meeting and the main viewpoints of both sides. Articles 42 to 59 write the main points of the debate between the two sides on the Xiongnu policy and legal system after the meeting. The last article is a preface. This book vividly, comprehensively and concisely introduces the main economic policies and related political, military and cultural thoughts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is an important historical material for studying the economic and political history of the Western Han Dynasty.
The Book of Fan Sheng Zhi:
A total of 18 articles, written by Fan Sheng Zhi of the Western Han Dynasty. This is a summary of his experience in guiding farmers' production in Guanzhong and an epoch-making work in China's agricultural history. In addition to the general cultivation techniques of main crops, the book also introduces advanced production techniques such as regional planting, ploughing, ear selection, water temperature regulation in rice fields, mulberry seedling cutting and so on, which is a precious historical material for understanding the agricultural history of Han Dynasty.
The moon order of four people:
A total of one volume, written by Mao Cui in Eastern Han Dynasty. Imitating the Book of Rites, this book records the production and life of the landlord's manor on a monthly basis, reflecting the face of a self-sufficient economic unit, and is a rare material for studying the social life history of the Han Dynasty.
Taiping Jing:
A total of 170 volumes, with 57 existing volumes, is one of the main Taoist classics in China. Based on the theory of yin-yang and five elements, it is mixed with witchcraft. Among them, the mysterious five elements theory and simple average thought became the ideological weapons for Zhang Jiao to organize the masses and launch the Yellow Scarf Uprising. Later, after the promotion and expansion of several generations of believers, it formed a huge scale of 170. Taiping Jing is of great reference value for discussing the formation of Taoism in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and its influence and role in political and social life.
"Customize Yi Tong":
The book has 30 volumes, and the existing volume 10 was written by Ying Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This book reflects the different social customs of the Eastern Han Dynasty and provides rich historical materials for studying the social life and cultural thoughts of the Han Dynasty, most of which have been lost in biographical history books and have high historical value.
Zhou Yi Shu Jing:
A total of two volumes, written at the latest in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, are a summary of astronomical arithmetic experience since the pre-Qin period. Its celestial phenomena advocate the theory of covering the sky. The contribution of mathematics lies in the application of fractional algorithm, square root algorithm and the conclusion of Pythagorean theorem.
"Nine chapters of arithmetic":
A total of nine volumes, as the works of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Emperor Wudi. The author has no exam. This is one of the masterpieces of ancient mathematics in the world. Among them, the fractional calculation method, negative calculation method, proportional calculation method, and the solutions of square root, square root, quadratic equation and simultaneous linear equation all reached the advanced level in the world at that time, and were important materials for understanding the mathematical achievements of the Han Dynasty. At the same time, in the calculation, we can also understand the economic policies, prices, agricultural production level and other aspects of the Han Dynasty, and the historical materials are of high value.
Shennong Herbal Classic:
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, people wrote under the guise of Shennong. It contains 365 kinds of drugs, which is an earlier monograph on pharmacology and botany classification in China.
Treatise on febrile diseases;
Sixteen volumes, written by Zhang Ji in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The original book was lost, and Wang Shuhe in the Western Jin Dynasty got its incomplete draft. Two books, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, are the basic reference books for understanding the medical level of the Han Dynasty.