Li Longji (685-762), Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (7 12-756 reigned); Li Longji, the third son of Li Dan, was named Xuanzong, and posthumous title was also called Tang, because he was "the Great Sage, the Great Ming and the Emperor of Filial Piety". In order to avoid the name "Michelle Ye", Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty called it Tang Huang Ming. Another honorific title is "Kaiyuan Wensheng SHEN WOO". The Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty was a crucial period for the Tang Dynasty to turn from prosperity to decline. Handsome, versatile and handsome, Li Longji showed a brave character when he was young. When he was seven years old, it was the Wu and Zhou Dynasties. Wu thinks he is the nephew of Wu Zetian, and he is so cocky that he doesn't care about Li's imperial clan at all. On one occasion, when the kings of Wu Shi went to the court to attend the two sessions of the New Moon every month, they saw that Li Longji's motorcycle line was dignified and tidy, and they were unhappy, so they used the power of his general Jin Wu to picket and discipline it. However, Li Longji rightfully asked, "What happened to my court? How dare you force my car to ride with you! " ("My home is in the court, what are you doing? Dare to force me to ride! " When Wu Zetian learned of this, she not only didn't blame him, but said happily, "This child is really courageous and will eventually be the Taiping Emperor of my family." Hou Wei wanted to imitate Wu Zetian and claim to be the emperor, but Princess Taiping conspired with Shangguan Waner to make Li Zhongmao (the youngest son of Zhongzong) the Crown Prince, and the queen understood politics and advised Wang Dan (Zong Rui) politically. Wei Dangzong, Chu Ke, Wei Wen, Ji Chune and others strongly opposed Wang Xiang's aides' participation in politics. I didn't want to get involved in the court struggle and took an evasive attitude towards the incident, so I took the initiative to plan a court coup aimed at eliminating the Wei Party. Li Longji was first named King of Chu, then King of Linzi, and he was also the special driver of Luzhou. In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), he returned to Chang 'an from Luzhou (now Changzhi, Shanxi). He secretly gathered talents and developed his power in the emperor's pro-army riding. When Emperor Taizong was in power, all the officials and brave men were chosen to wear tiger skin clothes, cross leopard spears, hunt from safari and shoot animals in front of horses, which was called Baiqi. During the period of Wu Zetian, it increased to a thousand riders, and during the period of Zhongzong, it developed to a million riders. Li Longji attaches great importance to the role of Wan Qi. At that time, Wei Hou wanted to inherit the throne and was dissatisfied with Princess Taiping's decision to make Li Zhongmao emperor. Li Longji strengthened her strength with the help of Princess Taiping. Just as the two sides were at loggerheads, Cui Daily, assistant minister of the Ministry of War who had close ties with Webster, changed his attitude and secretly tipped him off and advised him to attack immediately. So Li Longji conspired with Princess Taiping, Xue Chongchang, the son of the princess, and Zhong Shaojing, the director of the garden, to attack first. It was suggested that the coup should be reported to Wang Xiang in advance. Li Longji said confidently, "We have succeeded for our country, and we owe our happiness to the ancestral temple and the country. When we failed, I died of loyalty and filial piety, and I didn't bring Wang Xiang into trouble. How can you report this and worry Wang Xiang? Now it is reported that if Wang Xiang agrees, he will be involved in a dangerous uprising; If he doesn't approve, my plan will fail. " ("I saved the nation from extinction and went to your father for emergency. Everything turned out to be a blessing of the Zongshe. I died of loyalty and filial piety, so I can go first. I am worried about the king! " If you please, this is a king and a dangerous thing; Please don't follow, or I will lose my plan. ") So, I decided to take Wang Xiang and act immediately. In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), Li Longji and others entered the forbidden park in casual clothes and came to the residence of Zhong Shaojing, the director of the park. At this time, Zhong Shaojing repented and refused to participate in the coup. But his wife, Xu, said firmly, "God will help you if you forget to live or die. Since you are involved in the conspiracy, it is inevitable that you will not participate. Hearing this, Zhong Shaojing went to pay his respects. "。 After nightfall, Wan Qi, Guo Yi, Li Xianfu and Ge Fushun came one after another and asked Li Longji for an order. At the second watch, Ge Fushun drew his sword and went straight into Yulin Village to behead Wei Jiang and three men. Then he announced: "Wei Hou poisoned Qin Shihuang in an attempt to endanger the country. Today, he will punish all Wei, all elders with whips will be killed, and he will call the king emperor to protect the world. Dare to have an opponent, sin and the three families. "Yu linjun soldiers have expressed their willingness to do so. Li Longji led the people out of the South Gate of the Forbidden City and attacked Miyagi. Ge Fushun led Zuo Wanqi to attack Xuande Gate, and Li Xianfu led right Wanqi to attack Baishou Gate. They met at Lingyange. Li Longji led his troops straight into Xuanwu Gate. Wei Hou fled to Qi Fei camp in fear, was beheaded by Qi Fei and presented to Li Longji. Princess Anle was beheaded for driving a thrush. Her husband Wu Yanxiu was also killed. All the cronies of Zhu Wei and Wei Hou were searched and beheaded. At this time, Li Longji reported the incident to Wang Xiang. King Xiang held Li Longji in his arms, crying and saying, "You have put down the disaster in the ancestral temple country, and the gods and the people depend on your strength. "("If the religious society is in trouble, you can settle down and make a living. The gods only leave a surname, so you can help. " ) On the same day, Longji changed his name to Ping Wang, who was also the supervisor in the temple, with three books, left and right. Li Longji and Princess Taiping forced Li Zhongmao to give way to Prime Minister Li Dan. Wang Xiang ascended the throne for Zong Rui. Zong Rui and the minister discussed the establishment of the prince. According to the eldest son inheritance system, Li Xian, the eldest son of the Song Dynasty, should be a prince, but Li Xian resolutely gave in and said: "National security comes first, national crisis comes first; Wang Ping has made great contributions to the country, and he will never be above Wang Ping. "The heroes who participated in the elimination of the Wei Party also advocated being a prince. Zong Rui followed suit and made Li Longji the prince. Relying on her support for Zong Rui, Princess Taiping often intervened in political affairs. She thinks Prince Li Longji is very clever and prevents herself from participating in politics. She always wants to change the prince. Li Longji certainly doesn't want to be fooled, but she also wants to get rid of Princess Taiping. When Zong Rui was in trouble for the first time, he first listened to Princess Taiping's opinion, and then asked the prince's opinion. Later, I became more and more inclined to the prince. In February of the second year of Jing Yun (7 1 1), Zong Rui ordered the prince to supervise the country, and all the crimes except official crimes and acts were punished by the prince. In July of his first year (7 12), Zong Rui gave way to the prince. Although Princess Taiping urged Zong Rui not to give up the power to handle major policies, it didn't help. Li Longji ascended the throne in August (7 12) in the first year of Yanhe, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. At that time, the prime ministers were mostly Princess Taiping's party department and ministers of civil and military affairs, and attached to her. Therefore, getting rid of Princess Taiping has become a top priority for Xuanzong. Princess Taiping's henchmen saw that Xuanzong was determined to take power, and they wanted to depose Xuanzong quickly. In July of the first year of Kaiyuan (7 13), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, German, Ministry of War Shangshuguo and Longwu General Wang Maozhong decided to revolt. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Wang Maozhong to take out the royal horse from the idle stable and deploy more than 300 soldiers. He personally led his servants, Gao Lishi, Guo Shoude and many other cronies 10, and killed the left and right feather generals Chang and Li Ci first, then captured Princess Taiping's letter right riding Jia and China calligrapher Li You alive, and then killed the prime ministers Cenxi and Xiao Zhizhong. Dou Huaizhen walked away temporarily and finally hanged himself. Princess Taiping panicked. She fled to the mountain temple first, and was later granted the death penalty at home. From then on, all military and political events can be decided by Xuanzong himself. In October of the first year of Kaiyuan, Xuanzong went to the foot of Lishan Mountain in Xinfeng (now Lintong, Shaanxi Province) for a military parade, mobilized 200,000 troops, and marched more than 50 miles with banners, with great momentum. However, Guo's senior minister, the Ministry of War, wanted to be beheaded because of his untidy military appearance. Due to the mediation of Prime Minister Liu Youqiu and Secretary Zhang, he was sent to Xinzhou (now emerging in Guangdong). Then, he killed Tang Shao, who was in charge of the ceremony and knew etiquette. Originally, Xuanzong only wanted to rectify military discipline and establish his own prestige, and he did not intend to kill Tang Shao. However, because the announcement of Li Miao, the general of Jinwu, was too hasty and irreversible, Xuanzong only dismissed Li Miao's official position. Due to the offense of the two ministers, the army was greatly shaken and the order was unstable. Only Xue Ne, the manager of the North Road, held his ground, and Xuanzong was amazed. After Xuanzong ascended the throne, he made great efforts to govern, reuse Yao Chong and innovate politics. Yao Chong suggested restraining the powerful, attaching importance to the title, accepting admonition, and forbidding making contributions. He asked Yao Chong to deal with all specific issues that have nothing to do with the overall situation. On one occasion, Yao Chong asked to decide the appointment of Li Lang, and Yao Chong repeatedly asked Xuanzong to decide, but Xuanzong just looked up at the temple and ignored it. Gao Lishi reminded Xuanzong whether to make a decision. He replied, "I entrusted Yao Chong to be in charge of the government, and major issues should be discussed with me. Why bother me one by one about petty officials? "From then on, ministers know that Xuanzong can respect the minister's decision. Wang Xiantong, the mother-in-law of Xuanzong's younger brother Xue, insulted the people and was played. Xue interceded for him, and Xuanzong typed books and reviewed the door. Yao Chong and others said: "Wang Xiantong's guilt is clear, and his suggestion is correct and cannot be condoned." Xuanzong agreed with Yao Chong. From then on, all nobles dare not be presumptuous. In order to correct the extravagant wind, in July of the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), Xuanzong ordered: "It is advisable to order the company to destroy imperial, gold and silver vessels for military use; Its pearls and jade, brilliant, burn in front of the temple; After the queen, Zhu Yu can't bring it. " He went on to say: "Officials wear more than three kinds of wine vessels, horse titles and stirrups, and the listening ornaments are jade, four are gold, five are silver, and the rest are forbidden; Women dress according to what their husbands and sons wear. It's old and beautiful, and it's soap when dyed. From now on, we can't collect pearls and jade, weave gorgeous things and so on. Offenders will be fined 100 sticks and one worker will be reduced. " (Zi Jian (July, 2212) Meanwhile, let's stop at Brocade Square in Beijing. He also opposed reburial, arguing that reburial was not beneficial to the dead but harmful to the living. Therefore, mourning requires simplicity and frugality, and the last items are not allowed to be decorated with gold and silver. If there are offenders, post 100. Those who cannot be inspected by state governors and county heads will be demoted. In order to sum up experience, take history as a mirror and serve as a reference for governing the country, Xuanzong loved reading history books and asking questions about political affairs, and he paid special attention to it. However, he often encountered problems that could not be solved, so he asked the prime minister to recommend him to study and help him study. In September of the third year of Kaiyuan (7 15), Ma Huai Su and Chu Wuliang were recommended as attendants. Xuanzong had great respect for Du Fu's poems and greeted him personally, waiting for him as a gift from his master. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), in April, Xuanzong, Zhongshumen, Li Guan and Bachelor gave a banquet in Du Ji Jixian Hall. He said, "I won't take the theory that immortals depend on emptiness." Sages can govern the country, so it is better to change the name of the banquet with you: Jixian Hall. "Although there is a word difference between" xian "and" xian ",it reflects Xuanzong's attitude of attaching importance to talents. However, with the passage of time, Xuanzong thought that the world was peaceful and gradually lost his enterprising spirit, so that he lived in luxury and did not ask about political affairs, which led to the decline of the rich and powerful Tang Dynasty. Chen Zhiping's "A Hundred Lectures on the General History of China": "In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, he felt that the country was peaceful and wanted to show the joy of the country. He held a grand party in front of the Wufeng Pagoda Temple, with all kinds of music, dance and drama, so that the county secretariat magistrate within 300 miles of Fiona Fang led local musicians and dancers to gather at the Wufeng Pagoda. Wu Huifei, the first favorite of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, died in the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737). Although there are many beautiful women in the harem, none of them can satisfy him. It is said that Princess Yang, whose birthday is 18, is very beautiful and unique in the world. After seeing Xuanzong, I really felt that his beauty was extraordinary. In December of the third year of Tianbao (744), Yang was a female official, and the number was too real. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), in August, Yang Wei became your concubine. Yang Guifei is not only personally favored, but also her three sisters have given her mansion to Beijing, which is very expensive. His distant cousin Yang has also made great achievements. Every time Yang Guifei rides a horse, Gao Lishi, the eunuch, personally whips, and there are 700 weavers in imperial academy. Zhang Jiuzhang, general manager of Lingnan, and Wang Yi, general manager of Guangling, were both promoted because they presented exquisite tributes to Yang Guifei. Therefore, officials are competing to follow suit. Yang Guifei loves litchi in Lingnan, so some people try their best to transport fresh litchi to Chang 'an. In a society where men are superior to women, there is actually a popular folk song day: "Don't be happy when you give birth to a man, and don't be sad when you look at a woman." It can be seen that Xuanzong's love for Yang Guifei has far-reaching social influence. Luxury life is accompanied by political corruption. In the early days of Tianbao, Li, who was full of benevolence and righteousness, was regarded as the prime minister. In order to gain power, Li opposed the useful suggestions of the admonisher. He reprimanded the admonisher and said, "Your Majesty is here today, and the ministers will be overwhelmed, so don't say anything!" Du Fu wrote a letter and said something. The next day, Xiayi (now the northeast of Weinan, Shaanxi) was ordered. After that, no one dared to argue any more. In terms of employing people, Li believes that anyone who surpasses himself in both ability and political integrity will be eliminated as far as possible. Xuanzong wanted to reuse Xuan Lu, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, so he transferred Xuan Lu to Huazhou (now hua county, Shaanxi Province) and lied to Xuanzong that Xuan Lu could not be the director because of illness. Xuanzong wanted to reuse Jiangzhou (now Shanxi and Xinjiang) people as Yan Ting's secretariat. Li deceived Xuanzong that Yan Ting was old and sick, and wanted to remove him from his post to facilitate his treatment. Therefore, Yan Tingzhi was sent to Tokyo (now Luoyang, Henan) to recuperate. Li's bullying did not attract Xuanzong's attention. On the contrary, he thinks there is nothing in the world. He wants to live a high life and do nothing, so he knows that Fu Lin is a political commissar. Gao Lishi advised him not to stand aside, and he was very unhappy, which led to Gao Lishi's fear and remorse. After Fu died, Xuanzong took Yang Guifei's cousin Yang as prime minister, and trusted An Lushan with ulterior motives. Yang reused his cronies and rejected dissidents. In the 12th year of Tianbao (753), Guanzhong was hungry and cold. Because Jinghe was not obedient, he blamed the disaster on and demoted him to Changsha (now Changsha, Hunan) as the satrap. Later, there were two disasters. Xuanzong asked about the disaster, and Yang showed Xuanzong the best seedlings to cover up the disaster. The prefect's office of Fufeng (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province) reflected the disaster situation in the area under his jurisdiction, so Yang sent a suggestion to investigate his responsibility. Therefore, in the thirteenth year of Tianbao (754), although the disaster in Guanzhong was serious, no one dared to report it truthfully. Even Gao Lishi, the eunuch around Xuanzong, said that the prime minister was in power, and the rewards and punishments were unfair. No one dared to speak. An Lushan, our envoy (near Beijing today), slandered each other in order to compete with Yang Yi in front of Xuanzong. Xuanzong wavered, regardless of right and wrong, thinking that political affairs were delivered to the prime minister and peripheral affairs to the general, carefree. In this way, An Lushan, who had planned for a long time, finally launched a great uprising against the Tang Dynasty. In the last years of Xuanzong, although there was no large-scale military action like that of Emperor Taizong and Tang Gaozong. However, in the surrounding areas, wars with the surrounding ethnic minorities such as Tubo, Qidan and Nanzhao continued. Stimulated by the military victory in the frontier fortress, Xuanzong developed his exultation idea day by day and spoiled the frontier fortress generals with military exploits. Therefore, in order to invite merits and rewards, frontier generals constantly fought against foreigners. Especially after Li brought Niu Xianke into the stage of containing political enemies, it provided an opportunity for Tibetans to use border work to spy on the central government. In his later years, Emperor Xuanzong only cared about playing with Yang Guifei because of his arrogance and extravagance. Yang Guifei was originally the concubine of his son Li Mao, the longevity king, but Xuanzong took her as his own concubine regardless of ethics. He dismissed Zhang Jiuling, a good lover, and appointed Li, a treacherous court official, and state affairs went from bad to worse. Xuanzong didn't believe in immortals, but later he believed in alchemist Zhang Guo and became a good immortal. And worship the Tao and seek longevity, so the ruling and opposition parties contend for words. After Li's death, Yang Guifei became prime minister. He is not only incompetent, but also corrupt, and the situation is out of control. Soon, Yang clashed with heavily armed An Lushan, and An Lushan was determined to defect. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Lushan took advantage of the emptiness and corruption of the Tang Dynasty to launch a mutiny, which lasted for a long time. The people don't know how to fight, and the counties in Hebei are looking forward to collapse. History is called "An Shi Rebellion". Xuanzong fled Sichuan. On the way to Mayi Post, the soldiers mutinied and hacked Yang to death, forcing Xuanzong to give Yang Guifei a death. Prince Hengli and Xuanzong parted ways; Hengli led part of the imperial army northward to Lingwu (now southwest of Lingwu, Ningxia), acceded to the throne in July, and changed the yuan to virtue. And Chen led another part of the imperial army to flee south to Chengdu, and was later honored as the Emperor of Heaven. Since then, the Tang Dynasty has changed from its heyday to its weakness. In the second year of Zhide (756), Xuanzong returned to Chang 'an from Chengdu and lived in Xingqing Palace (in the south). Eunuch Li alienated the relationship between Xuanzong and Su Zong, forcing Xuanzong to move to the Ganlu Hall of Taiji Palace. In his later years, he was unhappy and unhappy. In the first year of Baoying (762), Xuanzong died at the age of 78. Buried in tailings.