After the reform and opening up, the development speed of China's marine economy is ahead of the whole national economy. The total output value of marine economy was 6.4 billion yuan in 1979, reached14 billion yuan in 1994, and soared to more than 280 billion yuan in 1996, doubling in two years, accounting for about 4% of GDP. Two years later, it increased to 327 billion yuan in 1998 and to 365 100 billion yuan in 1999. In the past 20 years, the total output value of marine economy has increased by 57 times. Especially since the 1990s, with the progress of high technology, the marine economy, as a part of China's economy, has developed rapidly. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the growth rate of marine economy remained at 1 1%~ 13%, which was higher than the average development rate of national economy.
In 2000, the total output value of marine economy exceeded 400 billion yuan, accounting for about 4.5% of GDP. The added value of the marine industry reached 229.7 billion yuan, accounting for 2.6% of the national GDP. In 200 1 year, the total output value of marine economy reached 723.3 billion yuan, and the added value accounted for 3.4% of the national GDP. It is predicted that the total output value of marine economy will reach about 900 billion yuan in 2005 and 20140 billion yuan in 2020, which will account for 10% of the GDP of that year, and truly become a new growth point of the national economy. It can be seen that marine economy is an indispensable part of China's economy. Nowadays, tourism has accounted for110 of the world GDP, and has become the largest creation field of GDP and employment in all industries. This kind of economic benefit generated by tourism is expected to rise on a global scale in the future and drive the greater development of the world economy, so tourism will become a tractor of the world economy in 2 1 century. The World Tourism Organization predicts that in 2020, the number of global tourists will reach 654.38+0.6 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 4.35%, and the total tourism revenue will reach 2 trillion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 6.7%, exceeding the average annual growth rate of 3% in the world economy.
As a part of China's economy, China's tourism economy is attracting worldwide attention. 1986 tourism, as an industry, was formally included in the seventh five-year plan for national economic development (1986~ 1990). Officially put forward the development of tourism as one of the national economic development strategies, established the economic and industrial attribute positioning of tourism, and accelerated the transformation from foreign affairs reception to economic foreign exchange earning.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan period (1996~2000) is the best period in the history of China's tourism development, with an average annual growth rate of more than 15%, which continues to be in the forefront of the world's tourism development and moderately ahead of the growth rate of the national economy. The development goals set in the Ninth Five-Year Plan have been fully exceeded, and the total international and domestic tourism revenue in the five years is 654.38+7559 million yuan, which is twice the total tourism revenue during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. In the past five years, tourism productivity has been improved in an all-round way, the structure of tourism commodities (referring to tourist routes) has been continuously improved, the level of tourism output has been greatly improved, and the status and role of tourism in the national economy have been increasingly enhanced. At the same time, it has completed the strategic transformation of China from a "tourism resource power" to an "Asian tourism power", laying the foundation for realizing the strategic goal of building a "world tourism power" in 2020.
After entering the 2 1 century, the tourism economy has continued to grow. In 200 1 year, the total tourism income reached 499.5 billion yuan (foreign exchange income/kloc-0.78 billion dollars, domestic tourism income was 352.2 billion yuan), accounting for 5.2% of GDP; In 2002, the total tourism income reached 556.6 billion yuan (foreign exchange income was 20.39 billion US dollars, domestic tourism income was 387.8 billion yuan), accounting for 5.5% of GDP. The long-term goal in 2020 is that the total tourism revenue will reach 3.3 trillion yuan, accounting for 8% of GDP, and it will enter the ranks of "world tourism powers". It can be seen that tourism economy has become an indispensable part of China's economy. The development of marine economy mainly depends on marine biological resources, and the development of tourism economy mainly depends on marine natural resources. Although there are obvious differences between marine living resources and marine natural resources, both of them are related to the ocean and can be collectively called marine resources. Therefore, marine resources are not only the basis for the development of marine economy, but also the indispensable basis for the development of tourism economy. The difference is that the marine resources used by marine economy have practical value, while those used by tourism economy have ornamental value. Whether it is practical value or ornamental value, from the perspective of using marine resources, marine economy and tourism economy are both * * *. Moreover, judging from their role in developing the national economy, they are a parallel relationship.
On the other hand, the prosperity of marine economy will pave the way for the development of marine tourism, because from the perspective of industrial structure, marine tourism has accounted for 14% of marine economy. Therefore, the development of marine tourism will not only promote the development of marine economy, but also promote the greater development of tourism economy. Because tourism economy contains the elements of marine tourism, its development will eventually accelerate the development of marine economy, so marine economy and tourism economy complement each other. If the marine economy and tourism economy are combined and considered comprehensively, the marine tourism economy will inevitably form. Therefore, marine tourism economy can be defined as a new economic field based on marine resources and tourism economy, which belongs to a branch of tourism economy. Sustainable development is a new strategic idea for the coordinated development of economy, society, resources and environment. Sustainable tourism refers to a kind of development that does not destroy the tourism resources with development value. While using tourism resources, we should adopt the management method of protecting resources, so that tourism resources can be preserved and used continuously, not only in our generation, but also from generation to generation.
The ocean is a treasure house of resources for human survival and development, and the value created by the ocean is far greater than that created by the same area of land. Although China has a vast territory and abundant natural resources, the per capita resources are not high, so it is particularly necessary to protect and utilize marine resources, which plays an important role in China's economic development. Therefore, while making full use of the ocean, we need to pay more attention to the protection of marine resources and environment. If there is no awareness of protecting marine resources and the endless utilization of marine resources is emphasized blindly, this treasure house of resources will be exhausted one day. Therefore, we must first establish a sustainable marine tourism economic strategy, and its specific measures include the following aspects.
(1) Adhere to the principle of combining protection with development, and correctly handle the relationship between protection, research and utilization of marine natural landscape; Maintain the local characteristics of marine tourist areas and ensure the rational development of marine resources.
(2) Do not build accommodation facilities in fragile and sensitive marine ecological areas, especially prohibit building hotels by cutting mountains and filling the sea to prevent various man-made environmental pollution and ecological damage; When building accommodation facilities in the sea area as a last resort, we should give priority to convenience and simplicity, adopt energy-saving equipment, and do not discharge domestic sewage into the sea. The domestic energy used shall not adversely affect the surrounding marine natural ecological environment.
(3) Study the environmental capacity of marine nature reserves, prevent overload reception of tourists, implement the "tourism forecast" system, and control and prevent excessive utilization of marine tourism resources. At the same time, coordinate the relationship between economic benefits and social benefits, immediate benefits and long-term benefits, and realize the economic benefits of the best marine tourism in China.
(4) Rely on modern science and technology, learn from foreign advanced experience, take the marine tourism market as the guide, prevent oversupply, fully tap the potential of marine tourism, and form a new pattern of marine tourism economy with China characteristics. Island is a relatively independent geographical unit, and the particularity of its geographical conditions often forms a special ecological environment, history, culture and customs. These are the charms of island tourism, and they are also the reasons why island tourism has flourished in the world in recent decades. However, due to the limited geographical space and environmental carrying capacity of the island, it is even more necessary to adhere to the principle of sustainable development.
When developing island tourism in China, we should actively introduce ISO 1400 1 international environmental management standards, build a marine eco-tourism island, combine island tourism development with improving islanders' lives, and pay attention to the flexible utilization and protection of island regional resources. Make use of "sea water, beach and fishing boat experience" to carry out innovative and influential tourism projects such as "viewing, sports, entertainment and leisure"; Building accommodation facilities for marine recuperation and developing convalescent tourism projects; Develop marketable marine tourism commodities, attract tourists, expand marine tourism consumption and improve the economic benefits of marine tourism.
Recently, South Korea has implemented some policies to encourage the development of marine tourism, which are linked with sports and cultural exchanges. For example, gradually implement the five-day work week, comprehensively develop the west coast, and make specific policy plans for the post-World Cup. Drawing lessons from foreign experience, China can also add sports and cultural exchanges to the development of island tourism projects, improve the cultural connotation of marine tourism, and let tourists feel the charm of "sports healthy island". So far, economic development has emphasized economic cooperation between countries. In the future, we should consider developing their respective regional economies through inter-regional economic cooperation. You can write articles around coastal cities or regions rich in resources. For example, Qingdao, Dalian, Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, Shanhaiguan and other tourist cities around the Bohai Sea with a distance of more than 2000km can build a "tourism economic circle around the Bohai Sea". Rizhao, Qingdao, Weihai, Yantai, Penglai and other cities along the coast of Shandong can build a "Shandong coastal tourism economic circle". Cities and cities, regions and regions can be connected by luxury cruise ships to create a "floating city on the sea" and form a maritime tourism channel to achieve the purpose of complementing tourists and enjoying resources.
If you go abroad, you can also consider building a tourism economic circle around the Yellow Sea or East Asia with China, South Korea and Japan as the central axis. This can strengthen mutual economic cooperation and exchanges, increase each other's income and employment opportunities, and the marine tourism industry will face greater challenges. Improving the marine consciousness of the whole nation is the basis of developing marine tourism economy. We should make full use of radio, television and other media to publicize and introduce marine resources comprehensively and systematically. It is necessary to guide the whole nation to participate in marine tourism activities in various ways of modern science and technology, and at the same time, through marine tourism practice, educate tourists to understand the requirements of the marine natural environment for human beings, realize the relationship between daily life and the marine environment, and realize the preciousness and true value of marine resources, so as to produce marine protection consciousness.
To strengthen the education of marine awareness of the whole nation, we should also start with teenagers. Japan's post-war economic recovery education has played a great role. Because tourism can increase knowledge and broaden horizons, many countries encourage young people to take part in tourism activities. The formation of marine consciousness is subtle and takes some time. In the long run, starting with teenagers to carry out marine awareness education is conducive to promoting and accelerating the development of marine tourism economy. Marine economy is a land-sea linkage economy, and the development and layout of marine tourism must realize land-sea linkage. Maritime tourism and coastal land tourism must integrate resources, including natural landscape and human landscape, tourism function and environmental construction.
Zhejiang has made a useful exploration in land-sea linkage. Relying on Zhoushan Island and centering on Putuo Mountain, Zhujiajian Island Island and the "Golden Triangle" of shenjiamen, the province has successfully built Zhoushan as a marine tourism base with "a Buddhist country with seamounts, island scenery and a fishing capital in port". With Shengsi Archipelago as the main body and Daishan Archipelago as part, the Beihai tourism plate in eastern Zhejiang Province featuring maritime sports, vacation and leisure and a modern seaport has been built. Taking Jiaxing Jiulongshan National Forest Park as the main body, it has created a tourism plate on the north shore of Zhejiang Province with historical culture and bathing beaches. Taking Ningbo Lan Song and jiusan Islands Nature Reserves as the main body, we will build a marine tourism plate in eastern Zhejiang featuring marine fishing and eco-tourism.
In addition, there are marine tourism plates in central Zhejiang with Chenda Island in Taizhou as the core, and marine tourism plates in southern Zhejiang with Nanji Islands National and Marine Nature Reserve and Dongtou Islands in Wenzhou as the main body. At present, a golden maritime tourism belt of "swimming in the sea, watching the sea, eating seafood and staying at the seaside" is being formed along the coast of Zhejiang. The coastal areas of Zhejiang have also formed extended tourist routes with Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui and other provinces and cities around the Yangtze River Delta, so land tourism and marine tourism have to be connected with each other. In the past 20 years, Zhejiang's tourism industry has grown rapidly, basically forming a marine tourism industry system of eating, living, traveling, shopping and entertainment, which has laid a strong industrial foundation for the accelerated development of marine tourism.