At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the primary education of Quanjiao was mainly a private school (Mongolian Children's Hall or Mongolian Hall).

Private schools have been run privately for generations. Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, I studied in the government. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius initiated private schools, which flourished in the Warring States Period. After the Han Dynasty, private school became an important part of the school system in China feudal society. What is the private school? Private school? One kind.

A private school is a museum every year and teaches for about ten months every year. Generally, there is only one teacher, called the teacher. Because of different status and knowledge, the way and treatment of running a library are also different. Some poor scholars from other places or local areas asked the directors to contact and raise money for them. What is the name of the library? Group pavilion? ; A famous teacher with good character and rich knowledge was hired by a rich family to set up a museum. Dongting? ; Only those who are knowledgeable, have high prestige and status, and offer library courses in their own homes are called? Hall? . For some poor people who use their spare time to ask teachers to teach their children, it usually lasts from October of the lunar calendar to March of the following year. Winter school? .

Teacher training (salary), in? Group pavilion? 、? Hall? Students studying in middle schools pay different scholarships according to different ages and teaching contents (sometimes in food); Are you online? Dongting? Students who study are generally children of relatives of rich families, and the school-running people pay the teachers a certain amount of remuneration; ? Group pavilion? The teacher's meals, one is to cook by himself, that is, to take care of themselves, and the other is? For you? , that is, provide one or several servings in turn or deliver food at home.

The textbooks and study years used by private schools are not customized. The daily teaching procedure of a normal school teacher is to teach students to read Chinese characters (squares written on square paper) and basic textbooks in the morning. Before going to school, each student writes a big character, and the calligraphy procedure of big characters is to copy and then copy. Finally, he learns small letters and teaches himself. In the afternoon, the boy reviewed his calligraphy. The teacher pointed to the calligraphy, then shook his head and read the poem. The boy praised the poem again. On the first and fifteenth day of each month, as well as the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and the end of the museum, Mongolian children will repeat and recite the books they have read in the previous stage. In addition to their back mistakes, they have to ask the teacher to beat their palms with a ruler or kneel down. Learn from fear? It is the basic creed of ordinary teachers.

The teaching method in private schools is individual teaching. Arrange different teaching contents and teaching progress for children of different ages and different intelligences. Even if you read the same book, you will not be across the board because of different progress. Enlightened children can read books first, then hundreds of surnames, thousand-character scripts, three-character classics and so on. , and then read? Four books? 、? Five classics? . Gradually give older students some feudal ethics, social practicality and common sense of literature and history. Most of the teaching materials are Daughter's Classics, Filial Piety Classics, Long Wen Bian Ying, Study in Qionglin, 300 Tang Poems, 1000 Poems, China's View on Ancient Literature, Mirror, Historical Records and Zuo Zhuan. There are also some other books, such as Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, Mencius, Augmented Scholar and so on.

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, private schools in Quanjiao County were:

Wu (Pronunciation: Base) Society

Wu (sound: Ji) Society is located in, which was built by Jiang in his later years.

Jiang, a native of this county in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, was sent to the old man Lu at night. Gong Sheng. A famous teacher. In the aspect of advocating textual research, the Uighur (pronunciation: basic) Confucian classics school was established, with more than 100 classes. The second-class scholar is Huai 'an magistrate and scholar king; Ye Yaojie, Acting Director of Anhui Education Department in the Republic of China; Qiu, the first principal and scholar of Quanjiao Middle School; Shi, consultant of Shanxi Provincial Government; And Wang Wenbi, a painter, are both famous.

At the age of forty, he lost his mother and became blind. He still taught his disciples in a finger-pointing way and wrote "Send the Garden Collection". Some couplets in the house where Jiang stayed:

? Sweep the floor and burn incense, and people can receive blessings; Weave hedges and plant chrysanthemums. Autumn flowers are taller than me. ?

There is an Erxian Temple by the Luhe River, which contains a couplet by Jiang: It's been a year since I copied it to the empty temple! How many enemies, how many buildings are painted with beads, and how many are painted with Jin Seyao; Rong qi (a work? Glory? , prosperity and decline) overlap, Russia (instantly) moved to a different surname. Crazy vagabond (Bohemian blind man) Alas, unknown), is the living god safe? You (laissez-faire, laissez-faire) Linger, Zhouyi Zhuangjing, Qin Shu Han Shi; The mouth is endless, and it is a real machine. ?

The Book of Changes, also known as the Book of Changes, is a divination book with philosophical thoughts in ancient China and one of the main Confucian classics. Taoism regards life as fundamental? Really? (God) Habitat God, the same? Makoto? That is, to protect its roots and raise its yuan god. Mouth and taste refer to the appreciation of the art of book history.

/kloc-in the spring of 0/920, Jiang died of lung disease at the age of 67, and more than 200 students and educators were buried with him.

Zhu zhong nai ai Xue she

Zhu Zhongyu (1870 ~? The word Yi Chen was born in the late Qing Dynasty. During the Revolution of 1911, Anhui Consultation Bureau was established, and Zhu Zhongnai and Ye Yaojie were elected as members of Anhui Consultation Bureau for their knowledge and prestige. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as the deputy director of the local finance bureau and participated in the revision of Quanjiao County Records in 1910. A library has been established, and more than 100 students and apprentices are enrolled. The school is called a senior private school.

When Zhu Zhongyu died on 1939, there were many people holding brushes, and the students talked privately. Mr Hui Jin? . These are two teachers of Quanjiao who got married privately after Jiang. Scholar Wang Wenbi (You Ching) took the lead and said? Thirty years ago, I traveled in the mountains and visited Fengle's intoxicating victory. After living for 60 years, I am exhausted and tired, and I have long been valued by the village. ?

Kung fu improved private school

? Kung fu improves private schools? It is held by Ye Ye, the second son of Ye Ye. Ye, named, helped his father run a private school. Ye teaches senior students historical records, ancient prose and Tang poetry, and Ye teaches junior students four books, five classics, ancient prose and various enlightenment textbooks.

193 1 year, after his father Ye was hired as a tutor by Zhou in Qingdao, Shandong Province, Ye taught at home alone. At this time, it has been changed to? Improve private schools? . Besides teaching ancient Chinese, senior and junior students are also taught Chinese, arithmetic, history and geography. Teachers such as Cheng, Tao Jigong and Zhang Huanqiong have been hired to assist in teaching, and the number of students has grown from 30 to 40 to nearly 100, divided into three classes: high, middle and low. Due to the increase of students, Ye rented the Jinshi Ancestral Temple (now Nanping Vegetable Market) as a school place, which was then an influential county in Quanjiao? Kung fu improves private schools? It was registered and approved by the education department at that time. 1937, the Japanese invaders invaded China, and the county town fell and was forced to close down. Some intellectuals with high literary level in our county are all from Ye Private School. For example, Wang Yong, Tong, Fu Ming, Zhang Gong, He Ruoren, Huanong, Luo Yingsheng, Lu Manchao, Zhang Da, Han Rong and Wang Qingsong who took part in the revolution after the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War were all Yemenis.

After Ye closed his private school, he went to the southwest during his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he and Mrs. Wan settled at No.3 Hongwu Road/KLOC-0 in Nanjing and died in the late 1980s.

In addition, during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, there were also large-scale private schools in Quanjiao County:

Ma Daokuan Private School, located in Qiu Zhi 'an Cocoon Farm at the east gate of the county seat, has forty or fifty students; Chen Sishu in Dongmen Street (former site of the old procuratorate); Tian Jifeng's private school in Ximen Middle Street (former site of old county printing house); Xing (word rain three, scholar) street private school; Zhoumen Private School, located in the Wang Ancestral Hall near this bridge; Pan private school near Dongmen original food factory is an enlightenment private school; YiMin Zhu private school is in Fenghuang Street today.

There are also private schools in rural areas: Zhang Ying and Tao Jigong in Guheji; Wang Jiazong of Damachang; Zhang Jian suspects in Chengjia City, Yu Keqing, Shi Yuquan and grandson Yibao; Liu is indeed a collection of six towns; Ruan Zhenbo, Zhang Huanqiong and others from Chizhengang (Quanjiao County Records P559).

After 1940, large-scale private schools were established in Zhoujiagang anti-Japanese democratic base area, including Huang Yu Temple Yao Shuyong, Western Wei Luo Bencheng, Huanglishu Zhang Biyan, Wang Ainong, Chu Jie, Guo Zhuang Xu Derong, Zhenying Tang Zhaolong and Neizhuanghu. These private schools range from a dozen children to more than 30 children. Private schools have been improved and corporal punishment has been abolished. The textbooks compiled by the primary school textbook editorial Committee in Luxi base area are mainly Mandarin and arithmetic, and some senior private schools have added geography, history and nature respectively. By the end of 1948, there were 28 private schools in the county (All Pepper Education Journal, P 12).

The teaching form, teaching method and teaching content of Yi-ology are the same as those of private schools, so it is also called Yi-ology. It is a kind of free education in China. In the old society, it was established by private fund-raising or local public welfare fund. Slightly different from private schools, students have to send their teachers three times a year (Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Spring Festival)? Festival? . Moreover, most voluntary schools have certain fields, which are maintained by land rent, and some voluntary schools are subsidized by local officials. According to the "County Records of Quanjiao" published in the 9th year of the Republic of China, Wu lived in Beixiang in the Qing Dynasty and was hungry in the 19th year of Jiaqing (18 14). He generously donated 200 pieces of millet and set up a porridge factory in Xiaoyin Temple, which was close to his neighbors and survived a lot. Re-create Yi Shu and seduce underachievers. ? Qing? In the early years of Guangxu (1875), Jiang's Wu School was the largest Confucian school in the late Qing Dynasty.

In some places, celebrities and local gentry donated money to set up voluntary schools, and at the same time formulated many voluntary school regulations: for example, a township voluntary school stipulated:

1. It's up to Mr. Xiujin. There are 4,000 articles per year, and every time it is held in Duanyang and New Year's Eve, it is 1000 articles. The number of students is 40. If the number is full, those who come again will not be accepted.

Second, Mr. Wang will invite people who are over 40 and under 60 and have a heavier personality. Postpone teachers, interfere in foreign affairs and cause insufficient homework, or neglect to delay students' lives, and resign and postpone.

3. I bring all the books, pens, ink, paper and inkstones except desks and stools.

If the students are naughty in the library, Mr Xiao Ze will be punished and the times will be recorded. If you don't change it five times, you will be expelled from school and will not be admitted the following year.

Students are specially designed for those poor children in their hometown who can't learn from their teachers. If they have business and can raise money for training, they can choose another famous teacher, so they don't need to be sent to a compulsory school to help the poor.

Six, six to fifteen-year-old students, if they are 16 years old or above, have matured and can eat by themselves without sending them to school.

Seven, Mr. Every year, according to the four seasons, in addition, do not ask for another life.

Eight, the school belongs to the place where students study, and all idle people are not allowed to break in. Sir, there is no time to delay. If drinking for no reason disturbs the school, or if the child's father and brother are expelled, his father and brother will also be punished by the government.

? The rules of righteousness? There are clear provisions on the purpose of running a school, the selection criteria and salary of teachers, the responsibilities of teachers, the conditions and requirements for students to enter school, and the maintenance of school order. It was a relatively perfect local school regulation at that time.

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