Wang Huaichao

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First, the basic connotation and historical position of Socialism with Chinese characteristics

Socialism with Chinese characteristics's concept includes Socialism with Chinese characteristics theory and Socialism with Chinese characteristics's practice. Socialism with Chinese characteristics's practice refers to Socialism with Chinese characteristics's modernization activities carried out by the people of China on the land of contemporary China, and it refers to the China style and China characteristics formed in the process of combining the basic principles of scientific socialism with the national conditions of contemporary China. The China style and China characteristics in the practice of socialist construction are what people often call socialism with China characteristics. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory refers to the theoretical achievements formed in the process of combining the basic principles of Marxism with the national conditions and characteristics of the times in contemporary China. It is a theoretical summary of China's socialist modernization experience, a scientific socialism rooted in contemporary China, and a dialectical unity of socialist generality and individuality.

Specifically, the so-called Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory is the crystallization of theoretical summary of China's experience in socialist modernization under the historical conditions that peace and development have become the theme of the times and China is still in the primary stage of socialism. It is the product of combining the basic principles of scientific socialism with China's modernization practice. This is the new development of scientific socialism in China. Its research object is the regularity of socialist construction in China, which is relatively backward in economy and culture. Therefore, Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory is the theoretical guidance of China's socialist construction, the theoretical demonstration of how to realize modernization in China, which is relatively backward in economy and culture, and the policy of strengthening the country and enriching the people. For the first time, this theory systematically and preliminarily answered a series of basic questions about how to build socialism and how to consolidate and develop socialism in China, a country with relatively backward economy and culture, and formed a new theoretical outline. This theory is embodied in the important documents of the Party and the country since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, especially in Deng Xiaoping's works. This theory is the product of China's practice of reform, opening up and modernization, and the joint creation of the people of China and China. Deng Xiaoping is the main pioneer and founder of this theory. Therefore, it is well-deserved to be named after Deng Xiaoping.

As for the historical position of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory, it can be roughly summarized as follows: In the past 20 years of reform and opening-up, our party's greatest theoretical gain was the establishment of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory, namely Deng Xiaoping Theory, in the second historic leap of combining the basic principles of Marxism with the reality of China. For the first time, this theory systematically and preliminarily answered a series of basic questions about how to build socialism, how to consolidate and develop socialism in China, a country with relatively backward economy and culture, enriched and developed the scientific socialist theory in many aspects, and raised people's understanding of socialism to a new level. In a word, Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory is Marxism in contemporary China and a new stage in the development of Marxism in China. It is the banner of the development and progress of contemporary China, and the banner of the United struggle of the Chinese nation and the people of China. This is one aspect. On the other hand, Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory is China's new creation in the practice of socialist modernization, the product of combining the basic principles of Marxism with the national conditions and modernization practice of contemporary China, and the guiding ideology of China's socialist modernization.

Second, the formation and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory

Any theory is a product of history. That is, they are all formed under specific historical conditions and are the summary of human practical experience in a certain historical period. So is Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theory. Specifically, how did Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory come into being?

1987 when meeting with foreign guests, Deng Xiaoping said, "We have been stuck in a rut for many years and engaged in construction behind closed doors, with poor results. Economic construction is also developing step by step. Some things, such as atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and intercontinental missiles, are successful, but on the whole, they have been in a state of slow development and stagnation for a long time, and people's lives are still very poor. During the "Cultural Revolution", the Gang of Four even more absurdly proposed that it would rather be poor in socialism and communism than rich in capitalism. It makes sense not to want rich capitalism. Can we talk about poor socialism and communism? As a result, China has stagnated. This forces us to reconsider the problem. The first thing to consider is to adhere to socialism. To adhere to socialism, we must first get rid of poverty and backwardness, vigorously develop productive forces, and reflect the characteristics that socialism is superior to capitalism. " This passage actually explains the domestic historical background of the formation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. This is a long period of slow development and stagnation, "forcing us to reconsider the problem"; This is to adhere to socialism. "First of all, we must get rid of poverty and backwardness, vigorously develop productive forces, and embody the characteristics that socialism is superior to capitalism." In other words, Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory came into being in the new historical period. As far as China is concerned, it is the result of serious reflection on the historical experience of China's socialist construction and the crystallization of rethinking what socialism is, how to adhere to socialism and how to give full play to the superiority of the socialist system.

The historical starting point of Deng Xiaoping's reflection on China's socialist construction is the profound disaster brought by the "Cultural Revolution" to the people of China. The so-called "Cultural Revolution" from 1966 caused political turmoil and economic stagnation in China, the national economy almost came to the brink of collapse, and the people lived in extreme poverty for a long time. It is in this historical period that western developed capitalist countries developed rapidly and steadily with the help of a new round of scientific and technological revolution. As a result, the gap between socialist China and capitalist western life has not narrowed, but has widened further. When Deng Xiaoping came out of the misery of the "Cultural Revolution", he had to face this national disaster and reflect painfully: Why? Why has our party made such a big mistake in the overall situation, and where is the root of the mistake? How can we correct these mistakes? Deng Xiaoping emphasized many times that the disaster of the "Cultural Revolution" made people think and know where our shortcomings were. "Why can we put forward a series of current policies in the late 1970s and 1980s just to sum up the experience and lessons of the' Cultural Revolution'?" Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "During the twenty years from 1958 to 1978, China society was actually in a state of stagnation and wandering, and the national economy and people's lives did not get much development and improvement." Since 1957, our main mistakes have been "Left" and the "Cultural Revolution" was extremely left. "Twenty years' experience, especially the lessons of the' Cultural Revolution', tells us that we can't do it without reform and formulate new political, economic and social policies." It can be seen that it is in this historical background that Deng Xiaoping made theoretical thinking and creation. This kind of thinking begins with reflecting on the lessons of the "Cultural Revolution", and then summarizes the historical experience of China's socialist construction. Therefore, we have reason to say that the painful historical lesson of China's socialist construction before 1978 is the historical basis for the formation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.

If the historical experience of China's socialist construction before 1978 is the historical basis for the formation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory, then the fresh experience of China's reform, opening up and modernization after 1978 is the realistic basis for the formation and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. On the whole, the formation and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory are synchronized with the new period of reform, opening up and modernization. 1The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party held at the end of 978 is not only the beginning of the new period of reform and opening up, but also the historical starting point of the formation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.

The forming process of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theory can be roughly summarized as follows: Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theory was conceived in the late 1970s and early 1980s; Formed in the mid-1980s; The original statement was the 13th National Congress of communist party, China1987; The systematic exposition is Deng Xiaoping's Southern Talk and the 14th National Congress Report of 1992. Specifically, the formation and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory has gone through four stages.

The first stage was in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This is the gestation period of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. During this period, Deng Xiaoping concentrated on summing up the historical experience of China's socialist construction, and gradually put forward a series of new theoretical viewpoints in the process of reflection. For example, poverty is not socialism; Too slow development is not socialism; The fundamental task of socialism is to develop productive forces; After the socialist transformation of the means of production is completed, the main contradiction in our society is the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social production; The fundamental manifestation of the superiority of the socialist system is that it can make social productive forces develop rapidly at a speed that the old society did not have; After the proletariat seizes power, it should focus on economic construction; Without reform and opening up, the whole socialist cause will be ruined; Emancipating the mind, exploring boldly, proceeding from China's national conditions and taking the road of China's modernization were all put forward during this period. As a result of this kind of thinking, Deng Xiaoping formed the basic proposition of "building socialism with China characteristics" at the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1982.

The second stage was in the mid-1980s. This is the formative period of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. During this period, on the basis of summing up the historical experience of China's socialist construction, Deng Xiaoping preliminarily summed up the fresh experience of reform, opening up and modernization, thus deepening and putting forward a series of new theoretical viewpoints. Mainly: the theory that socialist economy is a planned commodity economy; Theory of socialist reform and opening up; On the principle of socialism, one is to develop production, and the other is a summary of common prosperity; On the theme of the times; On the theory of the primary stage of socialism and the Party's basic line in the primary stage of socialism. The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (1987) clearly put forward the general topic of "building Socialism with Chinese characteristics" for the first time, and listed 12 theoretical viewpoints developed in the process of re-understanding socialism, which constituted the outline of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. This shows that Socialism with Chinese characteristics theory has basically taken shape.

The third stage was in the early 1990s. This is the period of systematically expounding Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. Its symbols are1Deng Xiaoping Southern Talks in early 1992 and114th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in autumn 1992. At the beginning of 1992, after several years of in-depth observation and thinking, Deng Xiaoping took the opportunity of inspecting the south to expound his theoretical summary of the experience of socialist construction, his thinking on the basic problems of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and his suggestions on deepening reform, opening wider to the outside world and speeding up development. This is Deng Xiaoping's concentrated exposition of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory, and it is also the "earnest expectation and earnest entrustment" of the great men of the century to the younger generation. These expositions include: a summary of the essence of socialism; Elaboration of the standard of "three benefits"; The teaching of "development is the last word"; A new exposition on the nature and position of reform; Clearly define the nature of planning and market, and the relationship between material civilization and spiritual civilization. The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which took Deng Xiaoping's southern talk as its soul, made a new summary of the main contents of this theory, making it a relatively complete scientific theory. The report of the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategic task of arming the whole Party with Comrade Deng Xiaoping's theory of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics. And made such an evaluation of this theory: for the first time, it systematically and preliminarily answered a series of basic questions about how to build socialism and how to consolidate and develop socialism in China, a country with relatively backward economy and culture. Marxism has been inherited and developed with new ideas and viewpoints. Furthermore, the main contents of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theory of building his own country are summarized as nine aspects: development path, development stage, fundamental task, development motive force, external conditions, political guarantee, strategic steps, leadership and "one country, two systems". This shows that Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory has been systematically expounded.

The fourth stage, from the 14th National Congress in June 1992 to the 16th National Congress in 2002. This is the period when Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory is enriched and developed in practice. The important theoretical achievements made in this period are mainly concentrated in three aspects: first, the innovation of socialist economic theory; Second, it is proposed that one of the goals of China's political reform is to build a socialist country ruled by law; The third is the presentation and elaboration of Theory of Three Represents's thought.

The fifth stage, from the 16th Party Congress in 2002 to the present. This is the further enrichment and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory in the new century and new stage. Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, the CPC Central Committee complied with the development and changes at home and abroad, carried forward the spirit of seeking truth and being pragmatic, pioneering and enterprising, and persisted in theoretical and practical innovation, and put forward a series of important strategic ideas, such as people-oriented, scientific development, social harmony, building a new socialist countryside, building an innovative country, strengthening the party's advanced construction, building a socialist core value system, and promoting the construction of a harmonious world, which further enriched and developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.

Third, the basic characteristics of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

According to the basic principles of scientific socialism and summing up the practical experience of China's socialist modernization, according to the knowledge we have gained so far, the basic characteristics of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in practice can be summarized as follows:

First, the construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics needs to go through a relatively long primary stage of socialism, which takes about 100 years. The fundamental task of this period is to concentrate on developing productive forces continuously, rapidly and efficiently and basically realize the socialist modernization of the country.

Second, Socialism with Chinese characteristics's economic system has three main characteristics: first, the economy of various forms of ownership with public ownership as the main body develops together; The second is the combination of distribution according to work and distribution according to production factors; The third is the socialist market economic system.

Third, Socialism with Chinese characteristics's political system has five remarkable characteristics: first, China is the core of leadership; Second, a political system based on the people's congress system; Third, establish a system of regional ethnic autonomy in places where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities; Fourth, the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by China; Fifth, gradually establish a socialist political system with a high degree of democracy and complete legal system. The goal of political development is to build a socialist political civilization and a country ruled by law.

Fourthly, Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture has five main characteristics: First, it adheres to Marxism as the guiding ideology; Second, adhere to the direction of serving the people and socialist construction and the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend"; Third, inherit and carry forward the excellent national traditional culture under the background of China traditional culture, and fully embody the spirit of the socialist era; Fourth, adhere to the direction of cultural modernization and fully absorb all outstanding cultural achievements of mankind, especially all outstanding cultural achievements created in the process of modern western modernization and humanistic spirit with the characteristics of the times; Fifth, create a healthy, active, scientific and civilized lifestyle for the people. The goal of socialist cultural construction is to improve the cultural and moral quality of all citizens and the overall civilization level of the Chinese nation.

Fifth, with the well-off society being built in an all-round way, the social structure of Socialism with Chinese characteristics will be a modern one, that is, the proportion of middle-income people will greatly increase, accounting for the majority, and the poor and rich classes will become a minority, and the social structure will change from pyramid to olive. Gradually realize social justice. Building a harmonious socialist society.

Sixthly, the purpose of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics is to improve the living standards and quality of all people, and ultimately achieve common prosperity and promote people's free and all-round development.

Fourthly, the basic outline of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.

Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory, as far as its content is concerned, is a theoretical summary of China's experience in socialist modernization. The practice of China's socialist modernization is multifaceted and colorful, which is the theoretical expression of this great practice. Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theory is also very rich in content and covers a wide range. Choose its main points, mainly in the following twelve aspects:

1, the theme of the times.

2. On the primary stage of socialism.

3. The essence of socialism.

4. The theory of socialist reform and opening up.

5. Theory of socialist market economy.

6. On the construction of socialist democratic politics.

7. On the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.

8. Theory of socialist harmonious society.

9. On the development strategy of socialist modernization.

10, China's leading core theory of modernization.

1 1, the theory of all-round social progress and people's free and all-round development.

12, development is the last word theory, or the theory of scientific development.

The outline of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory can be summarized into three sentences: twelve main points, five pillars and one core. The above twelve points have been outlined, and the five pillars are: ① the theory of the primary stage of socialism; ② the theory of socialist essence; ③ the theory of socialist reform and opening-up; ④ the theory of socialist market economy; ⑤ Modern development strategy theory.

One core: development is the last word, or Scientific Outlook on Development. In short, development theory. Specifically: seize the opportunity to develop yourself and realize the modernization of the country as soon as possible. Accelerating development is the spiritual essence of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theory. The essence of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory is the theory of accelerating the development of China, and the basic line and program formulated according to this theory is the line and program of accelerating the development of China.

Seize the opportunity, accelerate development and realize national modernization as soon as possible, which is the theme of the times in China, the historical mission of contemporary China people and even future generations, and the core concept of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. It is the starting point and the end result of Deng Xiaoping's thinking, formulating policies and deploying work. All the new theoretical propositions put forward by our Party and all the principles and policies formulated revolve around the development of China. You will be beaten if you fall behind. Poverty is weak and there is no weight. Long-term poverty and weakness will be eliminated by the times. If the country is not rich and strong, nothing can be said. This is a truth that history tells us. In today's China, the development of economy and society, the progress of science and education, and the improvement of people's quality are the fundamental tasks, the overall situation of the Chinese nation, the fate and future of the Chinese nation and China's socialism, and what posture China will appear on the international stage in 2 1 century. We should be ambitious, unite as one, eliminate all kinds of interference and accelerate national development and national rejuvenation. It is hard to say that "development is the last word". Of course, development should be comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable. Development should be people-oriented and aim at the all-round development of people. The focus and foothold of development should be to continuously meet the people's growing material and cultural needs.

In a word, it is the call of the times, the aspiration of the people and the general trend to seize the opportunity, accelerate development and realize national modernization as soon as possible, which is the first essence of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.