Tianmu was first introduced to Japan, and it is generally believed that it was in the early Kamakura era, when the Zen master Rong introduced the tea grinding method. My wife's mirror was published. On February 4th, the second year of Jianbao (12 14, the seventh year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty), Nanbenye Saint friend was still hung over, and the monk (Master Rong) advised him to drink a bowl of tea and gave him a book to praise Chad. The general is very happy. Although it is not mentioned that it is Tianmu who enters the tea in Rongxi, the characteristics of tea ou described in Tea for Health in Rongxi are consistent with those of Jianzhan. At present, the earliest known literature about building a lamp in Japan is written by Masahiko Tsuzawa (1278, Jing Yan for three years in the Southern Song Dynasty and fifteen years from Yuan to Yuan ~ 1333) to Jian 'an, the director of the famous temple in Kamakura (126 1 ~ 1338). In the letter, he borrowed a tea set such as "building a lamp" from Jian 'an, and in his letter to Jian 'an, he also mentioned that Jian 'an would install metal buttons. Coincidentally, this coincides with the time when the metal button lights were built on the Xin 'an ship that sank in Zhi Zhi for three years (1323 yuan to ZhengZhi Zhi). The tea lamp on the Xin 'an shipwreck is considered to be one of various tea sets purchased by Japan from China.
However, in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were classified documents about the concepts of Jianzhan and Tianmu. In New Miscellaneous Letters, there are "building lamps, dripping oil ... Tianmu ..." Among them, "building lamps" and "Tianmu" are juxtaposed, which obviously refer to different things. "Oil drop" is produced in Cizhou Kiln and Cizhou Kiln, which should be the "oil drop" of Cizhou Kiln, and the "oil drop" handed down from generation to generation in the book Tea Bowl of Tang Dynasty edited by Liangbu also proves this point. Similar records of the juxtaposition of "Jianzhan" and "Tianmu" can be found in dictionaries and letters in different periods, such as Su Chi's intercourse, Xia Xue Ji, Bieyuan Xun Jiao, Zen earth and ash cover Tianmu forest song, Yuan Xun Jiao, Gui Chuan Di Cang Ji, and Cuojrang Ji.
According to the archaeological excavation data of Hakata site in Fukuoka, Japan, the "Jianzhan" has been unearthed in the early stratum of11125, which is equivalent to the Song Huizong era at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty in China and obviously earlier than "Jianzhan". At present, the "grey-covered Tianmu" and "yellow-covered Tianmu" tea bowls in Japanese handed down products are different from the strata unearthed in Jianzhan.
They all came from the stratum around15th century (Ming dynasty 140 1 year, the first year of Yongle-1499), but in the excavation of the kiln site, the same artifacts as these handed down from ancient times were not unearthed. Of all the ancient kiln sites found except those built in Fujian, only Nanping Chayang kiln has found the same one, so it can be proved that the "ash-covered Tianmu" unearthed in Japan is the product of Chayang kiln. Zhang Zuo Collection of Juntaiguan collected by Tohoku University in Japan is the most influential book in Japanese tea ceremony culture.
This document is a book in which Noami, the cultural attendant of General Ashikaga at that time, appraised and rated the "Tang wares" (including black glazed tea bowls) produced by China at home. In this document, "Tianmu" and "Jianzhan" are graded respectively. At first, Obsidian in Jianzhan was rated as "top grade", and Obsidian was considered as "the top grade in Jianzhan, unparalleled in the world, with dark glass spots on the black soil, mixed with yellow, white and other colors, as bright as brocade"; Oil drop second: "next to obsidian treasures, there are lavender white spots on the black land, both inside and outside." Compared with obsidian, there may be many oil droplets preserved in the world, about 5,000. " According to the records in the book, "Oblivious change, building lamps, famous in the world, rare" and "oil drop, with the same name, many obsidians", the "oil drop" mentioned in the book should refer to "oil drop" building lamps. While "Zhan Yun", "Wu Zhan" and "Nengpi Zhan" declined in turn, and the last one was Tianmu. The literature also gives a qualitative evaluation of these teacups. For example, the first place is "Obsidian Change" (of great value); Followed by "Oil Drop" (worth 5,000 yuan); Followed by "Building Lights" (worth 3,000 yuan); The rest are second. The "Tianmu" without marked value is obviously at a lower level in the collection, and its value is not particularly precious. It can be clearly seen from the records in the literature that Tianmu and Jianzhan are two completely different black glazed teacups. Before this document, it was written "Administrative Diary of Yongyuan" (in the second year, namely AD; In the third year of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1243), Tianmu tea bowl appeared for the first time, and only 400 products were needed when buying, which was extremely cheap compared with "Wanzhan" lamp. The "Tianmu" here obviously doesn't mean making a lamp, but another kind of tea lamp (bowl).
In "Two Records of Mountain Clans" written in the last years of the Taoshan era, "Tianmu" is a general term, and its "Tianmu Item" is as follows: "A famous thing has one Tianmu, there are only three in the world, and there are two in the white, which leads to the clumsiness of Tianmu. In Horizonta oil storage house, it is covered with ash, and there are different levels of ash everywhere. ..... under construction, obsidian changes, oil drops, black lights, catfish lights, bamboo lights. These six kinds are all built. " Although it is wrong to classify leather cups as architectural cups, there is no doubt that "Tianmu" is the general term for tea cups.
From the end of Heian period to Kamakura period in Japan, due to the gradual promotion of temple tea, the Japanese tea drinking atmosphere gradually flourished, and the Jianzhan imported from China was regarded as a precious tea bowl, which was very popular. Especially in monasteries and dignitaries, such as the aforementioned Diary of Manji Zhun, A Record of the Shadows of Japanese Publicity, Catalogue of Buddhist Temple Public Property, and Jin Zezhen's Letter to Jian 'an. There are different names such as obsidian, silver day lily, silver spike and oil drop. To be sure
It was not until the Edo period that the aristocratic warriors headed by the Tokugawa family began to hold a stylized tea ceremony again. Under this historical background, the' Tang Wu Tianmu' introduced from China in the early days was regarded as a symbol of celebrity aristocratic status, and was collected by these elites, and its value rose again. During the Meiji era, with the abolition of the Mufan system, the "Tang Wu Tianmu" collected by the upper class aristocrats gradually spread all over the world. Today, with people's admiration for traditional culture, Tianmu lamp, which has a far-reaching influence on the development history of Japanese ceramics and tea ceremony, has been gradually valued by people, and its collection and researchers are also increasing. Jianzhan has a large number of collections in many museums, art galleries and research and collection institutions all over Japan. In some famous ancient temples, the lamps handed down from ancient times are also hidden. For example, in Japan, the National Museum of Tokyo, Jingjiatang Library Art Museum, Osaka Toyo Ceramic Art Museum, Kyoto National Museum, Fujita Art Museum, Jingen Art Museum, Chu Guang Art Museum, MOA Art Museum, Tokugawa Art Museum, Yongqing Library, Linyuan Art Museum, Wudao Art Museum, Nara Mingming Temple, Kyoto Longguangyuan, as well as some university museums and research institutions all have "Tianmu" of Tang wares, among which there are many treasures. For example, as the "top grade" of the kiln "Yaobian" Tianmu, there are only three existing handed down products in Japan, which are collected in Jingjiatang Library Art Museum, Longguangyuan Art Museum and Fujita Art Museum respectively. "Kiln edge", also known as kiln edge, is a unique variety of porcelain teacups in Song Dynasty. It generally refers to the phenomenon that the glaze color of utensils will present different colors of enamel due to different components in the glaze during firing. "Chen Ji Shi" says: "Some are homogeneous, but they are heterogeneous, some are the same color, and those with special colors can no longer be combined with the ingenuity of soil, water and manpower. This is called kiln change. Among dozens of kilns, thousands of products meet once. " "A Brief History of Natural History" said: "When the kilns in Guan and Ge kilns are burned, there are kiln changes, such as butterflies, birds and leopards, which change color beyond their true colors, or yellow or red and purple, and their shapes are lovely, which is the illusion of fire." It can be seen that the appearance of kiln change is accidental. In Song Dynasty, Jun Kiln developed its own way in firing technology, using the principle of different colors of copper oxide and iron oxide to fire purple or red with different sizes and shapes on sky blue or moon white glaze. "Green is like spring water, and red is like sunrise." The glaze color and shape of kiln change are strange, as unpredictable as the sunset glow in the air; Official kilns and Ge kilns also produce kiln-changed porcelain, which looks like butterflies or birds, and the glaze color changes subtly, which is beyond words. According to other documents, Jingdezhen kiln and Jizhou kiln also fired this kind of porcelain.
There are four kinds of "Tianmu" among the famous Jianzhan products spread to Japan, which are designated as "national treasures" by the Japanese state. Among them, the kiln change "Obsidian Tianmu" hidden in the Jingjiatang Library Art Museum has blue or purple-blue spots in the dark black glaze, and there are obsidian spots similar to solar halo on the patches. The obsidian effect of the whole interior wall looks as deep and beautiful as the starry sky. This obsidian lamp was originally a treasure of General Tokugawa's family (1603- 1868). After being regulated by Miyoshino Mino (1634- 1683), it was purchased by Xiao Ye Landscape in the seventh year of Dazheng. The other three "national treasures" include two "Obsidian Tianmu" and one "Oil Drop Tianmu". Obsidian Tianmu is one of Fujita's art collections, and its inheritance is: Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) → Tokugawa Laifang (1603- 1665438) → Fujita Hirataro. Secondly, according to the books in the box, it is an old collection of Longguangyuan Kaishan Jiangyuezong Pills (1574- 1643). Some researchers speculate that its original owner may be Tsuda Zonghe (-159 1), the father of monk Jiang Yue and a famous tea man. The order of another song "Dropping Oil Tianmu" is as follows: Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1568- 1595) → Xihong Anji → Mitsui Shiro Uemon → Sakai Home → Anzhai コクシヨン (653 Judging from the inheritance records of the above four national treasure lanterns, these lanterns were introduced to Japan at the latest in the17th century, and the obsidian lanterns hidden in Longguangyuan may date back to the16th century. However, according to the description of the characteristics of obsidian in the notes on the left and right accounts of Juntai Temple and Japanese documents such as Tomomachi Hall, some scholars infer that the national treasure "Obsidian Tianmu" now in the Jingjiatang Library and Art Museum is a handed down product given by Yongle, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to three generations of general Ashikaga Yiguang.